[Auriculo temporal nerve. Neuroanatomic bases of the Frey's syndrome]. / El nervio auriculotemporal. Bases neuroanatómicas del síndrome de Frey.

The aim of this study was to precise the relationships of the auriculotemporal nerve in the infratemporal and parotid regions. We realized micro-dissections of thirty-two infratemporal and parotid regions of human cadaver's formol-fixed. The pattern of origin was: one root: 15.4%, two roots: 73.1%, three roots: 11.5%. In all cases, the lateral root present the major diameter (2-2.5 mm). In those cases with two roots, these formed a neural loop round the middle meningeal artery in the 89.4% of the cases. The origin of the medial root was the posterior border of the inferior alveolar nerve. The median distance between the lateral root and the temporomandibular joint capsule was 1.5 mm, with asymmetric pattern: right: 2 mm (rank: 0-7 mm; ED: 1.90 mm); left: 1.25 mm (rank: 0-3 mm; ED: 0.88 mm). In 10 cases (31.3%) the lateral root was in direct contact with the articular capsule, with asymmetric pattern: left: 46.1%; right: 21%. The median distance between the superior aspect of the articular disk and the trunk of the auriculotemporal nerve in the posterior aspect of the temporomandibular joint was 10,5 mm (ED: 4.06 mm), with asymmetric pattern: right: 9 mm (rank: 5-18.0 mm; ED: 3.70 mm); left: 11.0 mm (rank: 3.0-20 mm; ED: 4.41 mm). We discussed the rol of this findings in the etiology of the Frey's syndrome.

El nervio auriculotemporal. Bases neuroanatómicas del Síndrome de Frey / Auriculo temporal nerve. Neuroanatomic bases of the Frey´ Syndrome

El propósito de este estudio fue precisar las relaciones del nervio auriculo temporal en las regiones infratemporal y parotídea. Se realizó la microdisección de 32 regiones infratemporales y parotídeas de cadáveres humanos formolados. Los patrones de origen fueron: raíz única: 15.4%, dos raíces: 73.1% y tres raíces: 11.5%. En todos los casos la raíz lateral era la de mayor diámetro (2-2,5 mm). En los casos con dos raíces estas constituían un ojal nervioso a la arteria meníngea media en el 89.4% de los casos. La raíz medial se originaba en todos los casos del borde posterior del segmento inicial del nervio alveolar inferior. La distancia media entre la raíz lateral del nervio auriculotemporal y la cápsula dela articulación temporo mandibular fue de 1.5 mm, con patrón asimétrico, derecha: 2 mm (rango: 0-7 mm; DE1.90 mm); izquierda: 1.25 mm (rango: 0-3 mm; DE 0.88mm). En 10 casos (31.3%) la raíz lateral se encontraba en contacto directo con la cápsula articular, izquierda (46.1%) y a derecha (21.1%). La distancia media en la cara posterior de la articulación temporomandibular, desde la cara superior del disco articular al tronco del nervio auriculo temporal fue de 10,5 mm (DE: 4.06 mm),con patrón asimétrico, derecha: 9 mm (rango: 5,0-18,0mm; DE 3,70 mm), izquierda: 11.0 mm (rango: 3.0-20.0mm; DE 4.41 mm). Se discute el rol de estos hallazgos en la etiología del síndrome de Frey

The aim of this study was to precise the relationships of the auriculo temporal nerve in the infratemporal and parotid regions. We realized micro-dissections of thirty–two infratemporal and parotid regions of human cadaver’s form ol-fixed. The pattern of origin was: one root: 15.4%, two roots: 73.1%, three roots: 11.5%. In all cases, the lateral root present the major diameter(2-2,5 mm). In those cases with two roots, these formed a neural loop round the middle meningeal artery in the 89.4% of the cases. The origin of the medial root was the posterior border of the inferior alveolar nerve. The median distance between the lateral root and the temporo mandibular joint capsule was 1.5 mm, with a symmetric pattern: right: 2 mm (rank: 0-7 mm; ED:1.90mm); left: 1.25 mm (rank: 0-3 mm; ED: 0.88 mm).In 10 cases (31.3%) the lateral root was in direct contact with the articular capsule, with asymmetric pattern: left: 46.1%; right: 21%. The median distance between the superior aspect of the articular disk and the trunk of the auriculo temporal nerve in the posterior aspect of the temporo mandibular joint was 10,5 mm (ED: 4.06 mm), with asymmetric pattern: right: 9 mm (rank: 5-18.0 mm; ED: 3.70 mm); left: 11.0 mm (rank: 3.0-20mm; ED: 4.41 mm). We discussed the rol of this findings in the etiology of the Frey’s syndrome

[Claudio Galeno and the lateral ventricles]. / Claudio Galeno y los ventrículos cerebrales. Parte I, los antecedentes.

Galen of Pergamon is considered one of the fathers of occidental medicine. Because of cultural and religious precepts at his time, many authors hypothesize that the anatomical concepts of Galen were derived from dissection of monkeys. In this paper, the authors analyzed the ventricular system, according to the anatomic and functional concepts described by Galen's early work. Knowing that his work was derived and or influenced from other preceding anatomists and physicians (specially Hipocrates of Cos), we present our investigation in two parts. In the first part, we present the influences of previous religious, philosophic, medical and anatomical theories over the galenic work. The "pregalenic era" can be divided in three periods: 1) the pretecnic era (ending in VI BC) in which the man have only a rudimentary knowledge of human anatomy, 2) the hellenistic science (from VI to III BC) and 3) the period comprised between III BC to Galenic period. In each of the three periods, we analyzed the neuroanatomic knowledge of the most important cultures.

Claudio Galeno y los ventrículos cerebrales. Parte I, los antecedentes / Claudio Galeno and the lateral ventricles

Claudio Galeno es considerado uno de los padres de la medicina occidental. Por el entorno cultural y religioso en el cual estaba inmerso, se duda de que haya disecado cadáveres y se piensa que la mayoría de sus aportes al conocimiento anatómico provengan del estudio de monos. En este trabajo, los autores analizan la teoría anatomo funcional de Galeno sobre los ventrículos cerebrales. Dado que muchos de los conceptos galénicos provienen de sus antecesores (y en particular de la medicina hipocrática), la presentación del mismo se hace en dos partes. En primera instancia, se exponen los antecedentes anatómicos, religiosos y filosóficos que influyeron a Galeno. Este largo periodo de la historia está dividido a nuestros propósitos en tres etapas: 1) la era pretécnica, donde no hay un conocimiento rudimentario y fundamentalmente derivado de prácticas religiosas. Este periodo llega hasta el siglo VI AC. 2) la ciencia helenística, que abarca los siglos VI a III AC. En esta etapa se gesta y desarrolla la medicina hipocrática, y 3) el periodo que comprende el siglo III AC hasta Galeno. En cada una de las eras descritas, se analizan y destacan los mayores aportes al conocimiento neuroanatómico de cada cultura

Galen of Pergamon is considered one of the fathers of occidental medicine. Because of cultural and religious precepts at his time, many authors hypothesize that the anatomical concepts of Galen were derived from dissection of monkeys. In this paper, the authors analyzed the ventricular system, according to the anatomic and functional concepts described by Galen’s early work. Knowing that his work was derived and or influenced from other preceding anatomists and physicians (specially Hipocrates of Cos), we present our investigation in two parts. In the first part, we present the influences of previous religious, philosophic, medical and anatomical theories over the galenic work. The “pregalenic era” can be divided in three periods: 1) the pretecnic era (ending in VI BC) in wich the man have only a rudimentary knowledge of human anatomy, 2) the helenistic science (from VI to III BC) and 3) the period comprised between III BC to Galenic period. In each of the three periods, we analyzed the neuroanatomic knowledge of the most important cultures