ABSTRACT
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is most aggressive subtype of breast cancers with high probability of metastasis as well as lack of specific targets and targeted therapeutics. TNBC is characterized with unique tumor microenvironment (TME), which differs from other subtypes. TME is associated with induction of proliferation, angiogenesis, inhibition of apoptosis and immune system suppression, and drug resistance. Exosomes are promising nanovesicles, which orchestrate the TME by communicating with different cells within TME. The components of TME including transformed ECM, soluble factors, immune suppressive cells, epigenetic modifications and re-programmed fibroblasts together hamper antitumor response and helps progression and metastasis of TNBCs. Therefore, TME could be a therapeutic target of TNBC. The current review presents latest updates on the role of exosomes in modulation of TME, approaches for targeting TME and combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and target chemotherapeutics. Finally, we also discussed various phytochemicals that alter genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of TME along with current challenges and future implications. Thus, as TME is associated with the hallmarks of TNBC, the understanding of the impact of different components can improve the clinical benefits of TNBC patients.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology , Exome/drug effects , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Epigenesis, Genetic , Exome/immunology , Female , Humans , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Neoplasm Metastasis , Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/immunology , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Tumor Microenvironment/genetics , Tumor Microenvironment/immunologyABSTRACT
Salacia oblonga Wall. is an endangered medicinal plant whose conservation is urgently needed, as it is extensively used in the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. This study shows an easy, effective and simple method of conserving genetic identity and producing elite clones of S. oblonga through vegetative propagation. Vegetative propagation was achieved using roots (R), stems with leaves (SL) and stems without leaves (S) with different concentrations (0-500 ppm) of indole butyric acid (IBA). Explants S and SL showed maximum shooting response with 300 ppm IBA and explant R showed maximum response with 200 ppm IBA.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/therapy , Medicine, Ayurvedic , Plants, Medicinal/growth & development , Salacia/growth & development , Endangered Species , Indoles/metabolism , Plant Growth Regulators , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Plant Roots/metabolism , Plant Stems/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Saliva, "Mirror of body's health" has long been of particular interest as a substitute for blood for disease diagnosis and monitoring. The radiation effects on salivary glands are of particular interest in which salivary amylase is a good indicator of salivary glands function. Thus, estimation of these parameters represents a reasonable approach in evaluation of patient's risk for disease occurrence, intensity and prognosis. AIM OF STUDY: To evaluate and compare the pH and amylase levels in saliva of cancer patients prior to treatment, patients during treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Saliva samples of 90 individuals were taken which were divided into 3 groups - 30 individuals without cancer, 30 cancer patients prior treatment and 30 cancer patients during treatment. Materials used were pH strips and pH meter, Salivary Amylase assay. RESULTS: Statistical analysis - ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's test. 1) Significant decrease in salivary amylase levels - in cancer patients, during treatment when compared to others. 2) Significant decrease in salivary pH levels in newly diagnosed cancer patients prior to treatment. CONCLUSION: To conclude, pH strips and pH meter showed to be a useful tool in the measurement of pH of saliva in individuals with and without cancer. This study showed that cancer patients without treatment have a lower pH of saliva. Treatment increased the pH of the saliva to a more alkaline level whereas amylase levels decreased in those subjects. Therefore those parameters can be an area of further research with an increased sample size, which in-turn may help in opening the doors for new dimension in non invasive prognostic markers.
