ABSTRACT
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitors are potential cancer therapeutics that can be utilized for enhancing the efficacy of DNA damaging agents. Multiple small molecule CHK1 inhibitors from different chemical scaffolds have been developed and evaluated in clinical trials in combination with chemotherapeutics and radiation treatment. Scaffold morphing of thiophene carboxamide ureas (TCUs), such as AZD7762 (1) and a related series of triazoloquinolines (TZQs), led to the identification of fused-ring bicyclic CHK1 inhibitors, 7-carboxamide thienopyridines (7-CTPs), and 7-carboxamide indoles. X-ray crystal structures reveal a key intramolecular noncovalent sulfur-oxygen interaction in aligning the hinge-binding carboxamide group to the thienopyridine core in a coplanar fashion. An intramolecular hydrogen bond to an indole NH was also effective in locking the carboxamide in the preferred bound conformation to CHK1. Optimization on the 7-CTP series resulted in the identification of lead compound 44, which displayed respectable drug-like properties and good in vitro and in vivo potency.
Subject(s)
Checkpoint Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Discovery , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Checkpoint Kinase 1/chemistry , DNA Damage , Humans , Indoles/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Protein Domains , Pyridines/chemistryABSTRACT
Acinetobacter baumannii AYE does not produce acinetobactin but grows under iron limitation. Accordingly, analyses of AYE iron-restricted culture supernatants resulted in the isolation of two fractions, which contained only hydroxamates and showed siderophore activity. Structural analyses identified baumannoferrin A and baumannoferrin B, which differ only by a double bond. These siderophores are composed of citrate, 1,3-diaminopropane, 2,4-diaminobutyrate, decenoic acid, and α-ketoglutarate. Analysis of the AYE genome showed the presence of a 12-gene cluster coding for proteins similar to those involved in the production and utilization of the hydroxamate siderophores acinetoferrin and achromobactin. As A. baumannii AYE does not produce acinetobactin and harbors only one gene cluster encoding the production and utilization of a siderophore, this strain's growth under iron limitation depends on baumannoferrin, a novel hydroxamate that could play a role in its virulence.
ABSTRACT
The synthesis of (-)-1, a potent antibacterial agent, was achieved stereoselectively in nine steps from readily available starting materials. Directed metalations were developed to assemble a pentasubstituted pyridine with appropriately positioned aldehyde and dimethylmorpholine substituents for a key tertiary amino effect reaction (T-reaction) that led to the spirocylic architecture. Ultimately, (-)-1 was isolated as the thermodynamically most favored stereoisomer.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , DNA Gyrase/chemistry , Escherichia coli/chemistry , Morpholines/chemistry , Naphthyridines/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Cyclization , Molecular Structure , Naphthyridines/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
The discovery of the activating mutation V617F in the JH2 domain of Jak2 and the modulation of oncogenic Stat3 by Jak2 inhibitors have spurred a great interest in the inhibition of the Jak2/Stat pathway in oncology. In this Letter, we communicate the discovery of novel inhibitors of the Jak2/Stat5 axis, the N-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amino derivatives. The rationale, synthesis and biological evaluation of these derivatives are reported. Two lead analogs from this series, 6 and 9, displayed prolonged residence time on Jak2, at enzymatic level. Although 6 and 9 exhibited moderate selectivity in a selected kinase panel, we chose to test these inhibitors in vivo as a consequence to their long residence time. However, extended inhibition of Jak2 due to the long residence time, in the form of inhibiting phosphorylation of downstream Stat5, was not recapitulated in an in vivo setting.
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery , Janus Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , STAT5 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Cell Line, Transformed , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dogs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Humans , Janus Kinase 2/genetics , Janus Kinase 2/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Wistar , STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Substrate Specificity , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The pyrrolamides are a new class of antibacterial agents targeting DNA gyrase, an essential enzyme across bacterial species and inhibition results in the disruption of DNA synthesis and subsequently, cell death. The optimization of biochemical activity and other drug-like properties through substitutions to the pyrrole, piperidine, and heterocycle portions of the molecule resulted in pyrrolamides with improved cellular activity and in vivo efficacy.
