Competition and Training Strategies for Developing World Class 200- and 400-m Individual Medley Swimmers.

Swimming performance achieved in 50-m, 100-m and 200-m events in each swimming stroke can have an influence on the final performance in individual medley (IM) events. We attempted to quantify the relative contributions of performance in individual stroke events to top-10 world ranked IM competition performance. We examined competition results of top-10 world ranked IM swimmers (90 males and 90 females) between 2012 and 2018. A general linear model was developed to examine association between the 200-m and 400-mIM and predictor variables of competition performance in other 50-m, 100-m, and 200-m events. The main predictor variable for 200-mIM medalist status was having scored more than 900 FINA points in at least one 100-m event. Scoring more than 800 FINA points in at least two 200-mIM events, and more than 900 FINA points in at least one 100-m event, was important for success in the 400-mIM. Top-10 world ranked 200-mIM and 400-mIM swimmers require a world class standard in one or more individual stroke event(s).

Training periodization for a world-class 400 meters individual medley swimmer.

We present a case study of the periodized training by a world-class 400-m Individual Medley (IM) swimmer (4th in 2019 World Championships) in the season leading to a bronze medal in the 2018 European Championship. The complexity of this IM preparation was based on the experiences, observations and innovations of an Olympic swimming coach. Over 52 weeks, a traditional periodization model was employed using three macrocycles. A total of 15 competitions were completed in the season increasing in frequency in the third macrocycle. The training intensity distribution (TID) followed the pattern of a traditional pyramidal model in general training and polarized and threshold models during specific training before competitions. Weekly training volume ranged from 25 to 79 km, 24 to 87 km, and 25 to 90 km in each of the three macrocyles. Altitude training comprised 23% of total training weeks. Haemoglobin [Hb] increased from 14.9 to 16.0 g/100 ml and haematocrit from 45.1 to 48.1% after altitude training. Heart rate (HR) and [La-] decreased at submaximal swimming intensities, while swimming velocity increased in the 8 × 100 m incremental swimming test in A2 (1.4%) and in AT (0.6%). Pull up power was increased 10% through the season.

Tell me who your friends are?! The mediating role of friends' use in cannabis abuse.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between age at onset of cannabis use and cannabis abuse in a sample of Portuguese cannabis users, testing the mediating role of the number of friends using cannabis and comparing these relationships between male and female subsets. METHOD: A sample of 529 Portuguese cannabis users comprising 276 males and 244 females aged from 14 to 21 years completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST), and answered four questions related to cannabis use. Data were analyzed using the PROCESS macro in SPSS version 26.0. RESULTS: Age at onset of cannabis use was negatively related to the number of friends using cannabis, while the number of friends using cannabis had a positive relationship with cannabis abuse. As predicted, the number of friends using cannabis seems to have a mediating role in the relationship between cannabis onset age use and cannabis abuse, since the indirect effect was found to be significant. The pattern of the relationships among the variables observed was found to be similar for both male and female subsets of the sample. However, males reported higher cannabis abuse than females. CONCLUSION: The results highlight the mediating role of friends' use of cannabis in the relationship between age at onset of cannabis use and users' abuse. These results highlight the importance of early intervention in cannabis use. In particular, the pattern of the relationships observed among the studied variables emphasizes the need to monitor and conduct peer training interventions or interventions to promote of social skills.

Tell me who your friends are?! The mediating role of friends' use in cannabis abuse

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the relationship between age at onset of cannabis use and cannabis abuse in a sample of Portuguese cannabis users, testing the mediating role of the number of friends using cannabis and comparing these relationships between male and female subsets. Method A sample of 529 Portuguese cannabis users comprising 276 males and 244 females aged from 14 to 21 years completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST), and answered four questions related to cannabis use. Data were analyzed using the PROCESS macro in SPSS version 26.0. Results Age at onset of cannabis use was negatively related to the number of friends using cannabis, while the number of friends using cannabis had a positive relationship with cannabis abuse. As predicted, the number of friends using cannabis seems to have a mediating role in the relationship between cannabis onset age use and cannabis abuse, since the indirect effect was found to be significant. The pattern of the relationships among the variables observed was found to be similar for both male and female subsets of the sample. However, males reported higher cannabis abuse than females. Conclusion The results highlight the mediating role of friends' use of cannabis in the relationship between age at onset of cannabis use and users' abuse. These results highlight the importance of early intervention in cannabis use. In particular, the pattern of the relationships observed among the studied variables emphasizes the need to monitor and conduct peer training interventions or interventions to promote of social skills.

Periodization and Programming for Individual 400 m Medley Swimmers.

Knowledge in the scientific domain of individual medley (IM) swimming training over a competitive season is limited. The purpose of this study was to propose a detailed coaching framework incorporating the key elements of a periodized training regimen for a 400 m IM swimmer. This framework was based on the available coaching and scientific literature and the practical experience and expertise of the collaborating authors. The season has been divided in two or three macrocycles, further divided in three mesocycles each (six or nine mesocycles in total), in alignment with the two or three main competitions in each macrocycle. The principal training contents to develop during the season expressed in blood lactate zones are: aerobic training (~2 mmol·L-1), lactate threshold pace (~4 mmol·L-1) and VO2max (maximum oxygen uptake) (~6 mmol·L-1). Strength training should focus on maximum strength, power and speed endurance during the season. Altitude training camps can be placed strategically within the training season to promote physiological adaptation and improvements in performance. A well-constructed technical framework will permit development of training strategies for the 400 m IM swimmer to improve both training and competitive performance.

Social networks as tools for the prevention and promotion of health among youth.

The emergence of information and communication technologies (ICT) has generated a number of research questions, related to their use and potential risk, but also potentials for prevention or health promotion. Online social networks have become an important source of information for users as well as a tool for social relations. As traditional social networks, they can act as vehicles to improve the health of adolescents and youth, as well as play a key role in an educational context. The aim of this work is then to explore the theoretical relevance of ICT, particularly on online social networks, on disease prevention and health promotion of communicable diseases. Literature review points out the role of online social networks, particularly in the field of sexual health, body image, especially eating habits and overweight, as well as smoking and alcohol dependence. Data allow us to understand how online social network behavior and interaction is related to their burden and interventions developed in sexual health and addiction show positive results. More efforts in body image are needed in order to use these tools for prevention and promotion of health from early age.

Social networks as tools for the prevention and promotion of health among youth

Abstract The emergence of information and communication technologies (ICT) has generated a number of research questions, related to their use and potential risk, but also potentials for prevention or health promotion. Online social networks have become an important source of information for users as well as a tool for social relations. As traditional social networks, they can act as vehicles to improve the health of adolescents and youth, as well as play a key role in an educational context. The aim of this work is then to explore the theoretical relevance of ICT, particularly on online social networks, on disease prevention and health promotion of communicable diseases. Literature review points out the role of online social networks, particularly in the field of sexual health, body image, especially eating habits and overweight, as well as smoking and alcohol dependence. Data allow us to understand how online social network behavior and interaction is related to their burden and interventions developed in sexual health and addiction show positive results. More efforts in body image are needed in order to use these tools for prevention and promotion of health from early age.

Preditores do uso do Facebook pelos adolescentes portugueses: Contributos de um estudo exploratório / Predictors of Facebook use among Portuguese adolescents: Contributes of an exploratory study

Resumo A generalização do uso das redes sociais online, tem trazido oportunidades e constrangimentos ao mesmo tempo-ou até mais depressa-que a investigação e o conhecimento sobre este tópico. Neste trabalho, pretendemos explorer o papel de variáveis pessoais e psicossociais no uso do Facebook, recorrendo a um conjunto de questionários de autorrelato junto de uma amostra de 386 adolescentes portugueses. Os resultados obtidos permitem verificar diferenças na utilização em função do género, uma relação positiva com a idade, a autorregulação e autoestima, sendo a interação com pares da sua rede de contactos offline o mais forte preditor para o uso das redes sociais. Estes dados sugerem o papel desta aplicação como um meio para manter o contacto com os pares.

Abstract The widespread use of social networks has brought opportunities and constraints at the same time, even faster than research and knowledge on this topic. In this paper, we intend to explore the role of personal and psychosocial variables in Facebook use, considering a set of self-report questionnaires to a sample of 386 Portuguese adolescents. We found gender differences in social network use, a positive relationship with age, self-regulation and self-esteem, with peer interaction with offline contacts as the strongest predictor for social network use. These data suggest the role of this application as a mean to maintain contact with peers.

The adolescent self-regulatory inventory (ASRI) adaptation to portuguese context / Adaptação do inventário de autorregulação na adolescência para o contexto português / Adaptación del inventario de autorregulación en la adolescencia para el contexto portugués

In this study we present the results of the adaptation of the Adolescent Self-Regulatory Inventory (ASRI) to Portugal. The measure was used with two samples of high school students to which ASRI was administered with Self-Regulation Scale as control measure. In the first study the measures were administered to 823 adolescents and the construct validity analysis was assessed with exploratory factor analysis. The results allow us to find an adequate structure with proper psychometric properties, in their construct and content validity, and reliability. A second study involved 435 adolescents, being tested three models using confirmatory factor analyses. The final version of the ASRI-2 presents an acceptable fit of the data in construct and concurrent validity, given its moderate or high correlation with academic success and substance use. The implications of this new approach to the self-regulation study are discussed and directions to further studies are suggested.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar os resultados da adaptação do Inventário de Autorregulação na Adolescência (IARA) para Portugal. O instrumento foi testado com duas amostras de estudantes do ensino secundário com a Escala de Autorregulação como medida de controle. No primeiro estudo, os instrumentos foram testados junto de 823 adolescentes e a análise de validade de construto foi feita com recurso à análise factorial exploratória. Os resultados indicaram uma estrutura apropriada com propriedades psicométricas adequadas referentes à validade de conteúdo e construto, e fidelidade. Um segundo estudo envolveu 435 adolescentes, sendo testados três modelos com análise factorial confirmatória. A versão final do IARA-2 apresenta valores de ajustamento aceitáveis em termos de validade de contruto e concorrente, dadas as correlações moderadas a elevadas com o sucesso acadêmico e uso de substâncias. As implicações desta nova abordagem ao estudo da autorregulação são discutidas e direções para próximos estudos são sugeridas.(AU)

En este estudio se presentan los resultados de la adaptación del Inventario de Autorregulación en la Adolescencia (IARA) para Portugal. El instrumento fue administrado con dos muestras de estudiantes de secundarias públicas con la Escala de Autorregulación como medida de control. En el primer estudio, los instrumentos fueron testados con 823 adolescentes y la validez de constructo se evaluó con análisis factorial exploratorio. Los resultados indicaron una estructura apropiada con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas respecto a su validez de contenido y constructo y fidelidad. Un segundo estudio involucró 435 adolescentes, testando tres modelos con análisis factorial confirmatoria. La versión final del IARA-2 muestra valores de ajuste satisfactorios en términos de validez concurrente y de constructo, ante las correlaciones moderadas a altas con el éxito académico y uso de sustancias. Las implicaciones de este nuevo enfoque para el estudio de la autorregulación son discutidas y direcciones para futuros estudios son sugeridas.(AU)

The adolescent self-regulatory inventory (ASRI) adaptation to portuguese context / Adaptação do inventário de autorregulação na adolescência para o contexto português / Adaptación del inventario de autorregulación en la adolescencia para el contexto portugués

In this study we present the results of the adaptation of the Adolescent Self-Regulatory Inventory (ASRI) to Portugal. The measure was used with two samples of high school students to which ASRI was administered with Self-Regulation Scale as control measure. In the first study the measures were administered to 823 adolescents and the construct validity analysis was assessed with exploratory factor analysis. The results allow us to find an adequate structure with proper psychometric properties, in their construct and content validity, and reliability. A second study involved 435 adolescents, being tested three models using confirmatory factor analyses. The final version of the ASRI-2 presents an acceptable fit of the data in construct and concurrent validity, given its moderate or high correlation with academic success and substance use. The implications of this new approach to the self-regulation study are discussed and directions to further studies are suggested...

O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar os resultados da adaptação do Inventário de Autorregulação na Adolescência (IARA) para Portugal. O instrumento foi testado com duas amostras de estudantes do ensino secundário com a Escala de Autorregulação como medida de controle. No primeiro estudo, os instrumentos foram testados junto de 823 adolescentes e a análise de validade de construto foi feita com recurso à análise factorial exploratória. Os resultados indicaram uma estrutura apropriada com propriedades psicométricas adequadas referentes à validade de conteúdo e construto, e fidelidade. Um segundo estudo envolveu 435 adolescentes, sendo testados três modelos com análise factorial confirmatória. A versão final do IARA-2 apresenta valores de ajustamento aceitáveis em termos de validade de contruto e concorrente, dadas as correlações moderadas a elevadas com o sucesso acadêmico e uso de substâncias. As implicações desta nova abordagem ao estudo da autorregulação são discutidas e direções para próximos estudos são sugeridas...

En este estudio se presentan los resultados de la adaptación del Inventario de Autorregulación en la Adolescencia (IARA) para Portugal. El instrumento fue administrado con dos muestras de estudiantes de secundarias públicas con la Escala de Autorregulación como medida de control. En el primer estudio, los instrumentos fueron testados con 823 adolescentes y la validez de constructo se evaluó con análisis factorial exploratorio. Los resultados indicaron una estructura apropiada con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas respecto a su validez de contenido y constructo y fidelidad. Un segundo estudio involucró 435 adolescentes, testando tres modelos con análisis factorial confirmatoria. La versión final del IARA-2 muestra valores de ajuste satisfactorios en términos de validez concurrente y de constructo, ante las correlaciones moderadas a altas con el éxito académico y uso de sustancias. Las implicaciones de este nuevo enfoque para el estudio de la autorregulación son discutidas y direcciones para futuros estudios son sugeridas...

Consumo de alcohol y factores intervinientes en estudiantes universitarios / Alcohol consumption and intervening factors observed in university students

Objetivo: dar cuenta de algunos elementos intervinientes en la conducta de beber, consumo de riesgo y la dependencia del alcohol, en un grupo poblacional de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Métodos: estudio multimétodo de corte transversal en 538 estudiantes universitarios. Se aplicaron varios instrumentos previamente validados por expertos, entre ellos, el test de identificación de los trastornos debidos al consumo de alcohol, el cuestionario acerca de las expectativas hacia el alcohol y el cuestionario de creencias acerca del consumo de alcohol. Los datos se recopilaron entre marzo y junio de 2010. Para el análisis de correlaciones entre variables cualitativas se utilizó la prueba ji-cuadrada de independencia, la prueba exacta de Fisher y la prueba Z, para comparar las proporciones. En todos las ocasiones se trabajó con p £ 0,05. Resultados: del total de estudiantes entrevistados el 82,3 % había consumido alcohol en algún momento de su vida, el 66,0 %, no tenían problemas con el consumo de esta sustancia, 21,6 % tenían consumo perjudicial y el 12,5 % presentaban ya dependencia, según el test de identificación de los trastornos debidos al consumo de alcohol. Conclusiones: las expectativas, creencias, la publicidad, las costumbres familiares y sociales, tienen una relación favorable para el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios en Medellín, Colombia.

Objective: to present some intervening factors in drinking behavior, risky consumption and alcohol-dependence found in a population group of Medellin city in Colombia. Methods: cross-sectional multi-method study of 538 university students. Several expert-validated instruments were applied and through Rash's method, such as a test to identify alcohol consumption-related disorders, an alcohol expectancy questionnaire, expectancies, a questionnaire of beliefs on alcohol consumption and a questionnaire on rites, social and family traditions. Data were collected from March to June 2010. For the correlation analysis among the qualitative variables, Chi-square test of independence, Fisher's exact test and Z test were used to compare proportions. The value used was p £ 0.05. Results: out of the total number of students who were interviewed, 82.3 % had taken alcohol at some time of their lifetime, 66 % had no problems with alcohol consumption, 21.6 % showed harmful consumption and 12.5 were already alcohol-dependent, according to the test of identification of alcohol consumption-related disorders. Conclusions: expectancies, beliefs, advertising, family and social customs have favorable association with the alcohol consumption in university students in Medellin, Colombia.

El papel mediador de la auto-regulación en el consumo de tabaco y alcohol en población joven / The mediating role of self-regulation in cigarette smoking and alcohol use among young people

Esta investigación estudia el papel de la auto-regulación en los comportamientos de consumo, desde una perspectiva del desarrollo. Se explora la influencia del grupo de iguales y las competencias de los padres en la auto-regulación, en relación con el consumo de sustancias en jóvenes, mediante dos muestras de conveniencia, la primera compuesta por 478 jóvenes con edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 20 años, siendo la mayoría del género femenino, y la segunda formada por 311 jóvenes, con edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 17 años, siendo la mayoría del género masculino. Se utilizó un Cuestionario Sociodemográfico (ad hoc), un Cuestionario de consumo de tabaco y alcohol (ad hoc), el Inventario de Auto-regulación en la Adolescencia - versión reducida (IARA-2r), la Escala de Competencias de los Padres y el Cuestionario de Relación de Pareja. Los resultados confirman la existencia de una relación entre género y auto-regulación a largo plazo, más elevada en el género femenino. Los jóvenes con compañeros que fuman o consumen alcohol regularmente, presentan puntuaciones más bajas en las subescalas de auto-regulación a corto plazo. Se confirma una relación positiva moderada entre la auto-regulación a largo plazo y las competencias positivas de los padres (AU)

This research explores the role of self-regulation in substance-use behaviours from a developmental perspective. We explore the influence of the peer group and parental competencies on self-regulation, in relation to substance use in young people, by means of two convenience samples, the first comprising 478 participants aged 10 to 20, the majority of whom were female, and the second made up of 311 youngsters aged 10 to 17, the majority being male. The instruments used were a Sociodemographic Questionnaire (ad hoc), a Smoking and Alcohol Use Questionnaire (ad hoc), the Adolescent Self-Regulatory Inventory - brief version (ASRI-2r), the Parental Competencies Scale and the Peer Relations Questionnaire. The results confirm a relationship between gender and long-term self-regulation, whose level is higher among girls and young women. Those youngsters with friends who smoke or regularly drink alcohol score lower on the short-term self-regulation subscales. A moderate positive relationship is confirmed between long-term self-regulation and positive competencies in parents (AU)

[Use and abuse of the Internet in university students]. / Uso y abuso de Internet en jovenes universitarios.

AIM: To adapt a questionnaire for assessing the use and abuse of Internet, as well as the relationship between this resource and psychosocial profile in a group of university students. METHOD: 391 students filled out the questionnaires; 26.1% were men and 73.9% were women, with a mean age of 19.59 years (DT = +/- 2.83; Range: 18-47 years). We used a sociodemographic questionnaire, Social skills questionnaire (Caballo, 1993, EMES-C and EMES-M), Personality questionnaire (E.P.I., Eysenck and Eysenck, 1982), and an Internet and Use and Abuse of Internet questionnaire (adapted from Bruner, 1997, Suler, 1996 and Young, 1996a, Garcia del Castillo y Terol, 2007). RESULTS: 73.91 % of students connect for an average of 84.81 minutes (DT = +/- 2.05) per week. Except for one subscale of the Internet use and abuse questionnaire, all the subscales showed reliability coefficients > or = . 70 and mean scores lower than the average of the score range. Internet use and abuse showed a relationship with psychosocial variables such as cognitive social skills (r =.14; p =.016) and neuroticism (r =.-13, p =.01).

Deporte y salud: una nueva orientación de la psicología de la actividad física y el deporte en el Perú / Sport and health: a new direction of the physical activity psychology and the sport in Peru

Se describen las principales orientaciones que actualmente tiene la Psicología de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, los beneficios psicológicos derivados de la práctica de la actividad física y el deporte así como las nuevas perspectivas creadas para el psicólogo del deporte.

The new orientations thait have the Physical Activity Psychology and the Sport Psychology, the psychological benefits from the practice of the physical activity and the sport as the view perspectives created to the sprit psychologist are descripted.

Psicología cognitiva y baloncesto: aplicación del reforzamiento positivo encubierto / Cognitive psychology and basketball: implementation of covert positive reinforcement

Se describen los diversos pasos seguidos en la aplicación de la técnica de !reforzamiento positivo encubierto! sobre un caso de ansiedad pre-competitiva en una jugadora de baloncesto de 21 años perteneciente a un equipo de la 1ra. División Nacional española, incluyendo la evaluación psicológica, el procedimiento, los resultados y las conclusiones, destacando entre estas la efectividad en un corto-medio plazo de la citada técnica lo cual se desprende de la evolución favorable del problema objeto de intervención.

Some steps in the application of covert positive reinforcing technique to a spanish national first division 21 years old basketball player are descripted including psychological evaluation, results and conclusions which say that technique is successful in we look at the evolution of the intervention subject trouble.