ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress plays a key role in the neuropathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection causing apoptosis of astroglia cells and neurons. Recent data have shown that oxidative stress is also responsible for the acceleration of human fibroblast telomere shortening in vitro. In the present study we analyzed the potential relations occurring between free radicals formation and telomere length during HIV-1 mediated astroglial death. RESULTS: To this end, U373 human astrocytoma cells have been directly exposed to X4-using HIV-1IIIB strain, for 1, 3 or 5 days and treated (where requested) with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a cysteine donor involved in the synthesis of glutathione (GSH, a cellular antioxidant) and apoptosis has been evaluated by FACS analysis. Quantitative-FISH (Q-FISH) has been employed for studying the telomere length while intracellular reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio has been determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Incubation of U373 with HIV-1IIIB led to significant induction of cellular apoptosis that was reduced in the presence of 1 mM NAC. Moreover, NAC improved the GSH/GSSG, a sensitive indicator of oxidative stress, that significantly decreased after HIV-1IIIB exposure in U373. Analysis of telomere length in HIV-1 exposed U373 showed a statistically significant telomere shortening, that was completely reverted in NAC-treated U373. CONCLUSION: Our results support the role of HIV-1-mediated oxidative stress in astrocytic death and the importance of antioxidant compounds in preventing these cellular damages. Moreover, these data indicate that the telomere structure, target for oxidative damage, could be the key sensor of cell apoptosis induced by oxidative stress after HIV infection.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis/physiology , Astrocytoma/pathology , HIV-1/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Telomere/pathology , Acetylcysteine/pharmacology , Analysis of Variance , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Astrocytoma/ultrastructure , Cell Line, Tumor , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Glutathione/metabolism , Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism , Humans , Microscopy, Electron/methods , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Telomere/drug effects , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 coat glycoprotein gp120 causes delayed apoptosis in rat brain neocortex. Here, we investigated the possible role of the endocannabinoid system in this process. It is shown that gp120 causes a time-dependent increase in the activity and immunoreactivity of the anandamide (AEA)-hydrolyzing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), paralleled by increased activity of the AEA membrane transporter and decreased endogenous levels of AEA. The AEA-synthesizing phospholipase D and the AEA-binding receptors were not affected by gp120. None of the changes induced by gp120 in the cortex were induced by bovine serum albumin, nor were they observed in the hippocampus of the same animals. Also, the activity of 5-lipoxygenase, which generates AEA derivatives able to inhibit FAAH, decreased down to approximately 25% of the control activity upon gp120 treatment, due to reduced protein level ( approximately 45%). In addition, the FAAH inhibitor methyl-arachidonoyl fluorophosphonate significantly reduced gp120-induced apoptosis in rat brain neocortex, whereas selective blockers of AEA membrane transporter or of AEA-binding receptors were ineffective. Taken together, these results suggest that gp120, by activating FAAH, decreases endogenous levels of AEA, and the latter effect seems instrumental in the execution of delayed neuronal apoptosis in the brain neocortex of rats.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis/physiology , Arachidonic Acids/metabolism , HIV Envelope Protein gp120/toxicity , Neocortex/drug effects , Neocortex/metabolism , Neurons/metabolism , Amidohydrolases/drug effects , Amidohydrolases/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/drug effects , Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/metabolism , Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology , Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Endocannabinoids , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV Envelope Protein gp120/administration & dosage , Injections, Intraventricular , Male , Neocortex/pathology , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/pathology , Organophosphonates/pharmacology , Polyunsaturated Alkamides , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
The epileptogenic and neurodegenerative effects of gamma-dendrotoxin, from Dendroaspis angusticeps, a specific blocker of a non-inactivating, voltage-sensitive K+ channel, were studied after focal injection into one dorsal hippocampus in rats pretreated with CGP040116, a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and in rats bearing a monolateral surgical lesion of the Schaffer collaterals whose terminals originate from CA3 pyramids and release glutamate in the CA1 hippocampal area. Administration of 35 pmol gamma-dendrotoxin elicited in all of the treated animals (n=8) bilateral EEG discharges and damage to the hippocampal formation. Quantitation of the damage revealed significant bilateral neuronal cell loss in the CA1, CA3 and CA4 pyramidal cell layers. The lowest dose (0.35 pmol; n=4) of the toxin used did not affect EEG activity and failed to cause significant hippocampal cell loss whereas the 3.5 pmol (n=6) dose caused EEG seizures and hippocampal cell loss limited to the CA1 area. Systematic intraperitoneal administration of CGP040116 (5mg/kg given 30 min. previously) delayed the onset of EEG seizures and reduced the number of epileptogenic discharges typically observed in rats receiving an injection of gamma-dendrotoxin (35 pmol) alone. Similarly, this treatment prevented the damage inflicted to the hippocampus by the toxin and in no instance was significant neuronal loss observed. Protection against seizures and hippocampal damage was also observed by a monolateral surgical lesion to the Schaffer collaterals. In conclusion, the present data suggest that an excitotoxic, glutamate-mediated, type of mechanism underlies seizures and hippocampal damage induced by gamma-dendrotoxin in rats.
Subject(s)
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/analogs & derivatives , Glutamic Acid/physiology , Hippocampus/drug effects , Neurons/pathology , Peptides/toxicity , Potassium Channel Blockers/toxicity , 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Elapid Venoms/toxicity , Electroencephalography , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology , Hippocampus/pathology , Hippocampus/physiopathology , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Seizures/chemically induced , Seizures/pathology , Seizures/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Administration of tacrine (5 mg/kg ip), an anticholinesterase agent, in rats pretreated (24 h beforehand) with lithium chloride (LiCl; 12 mEq/kg ip) provides a useful experimental model to study limbic seizures and delayed hippocampal damage. Here we report Western blotting evidence demonstrating that in rat LiCl and tacrine enhance the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), but not eNOS, enzyme protein in the hippocampus during the preconvulsive period and this triggers seizures and hippocampal damage. In fact, systemic administration of 7-nitro indazole (7-NI; 50 mg/kg given ip 30 min before tacrine), a selective inhibitor of nNOS, prevented the expression of motor and electrocortical (ECoG) seizures and abolished neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. A lower dose (5 mg/kg ip) of 7-NI was ineffective. In conclusion, the present data support a role for abnormal nNOS expression in the mechanism which triggers limbic seizures and delayed excitotoxic damage in the hippocampus of rat.