Understanding a community's needs for an emergency department-based childhood injury prevention programme: a mixed-methods study.

OBJECTIVE: Unintentional injuries are the most common cause of childhood death in the USA and are preventable. We developed a framework for an injury prevention programme using local injury data and understanding stakeholder perspectives. METHODS: We used a mixed-methods approach. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of children presenting to an academic hospital system between January 2019 and December 2020 with an injury-related diagnosis. The primary outcome was encounters with an injury-related ICD-10 code. We conducted a thematic analysis by interviewing caregivers and emergency department (ED) providers. RESULTS: There were 10 193 unique injury-related encounters. Most common injuries were natural/environmental (22.9%), falls (20.0%) and striking an object (5.1%). Highest rates of injury were seen in children who identified as Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (154 injuries per 10 000 children per year), followed by Hispanic or Latino (148). Three out of 20 zip code areas represented 43.4% of all injuries and correlated with lower household income. Twenty-five caregivers and eight ED providers participated in interviews that resulted in four major themes: perceptions of injury risk, caregiver receipt of injury prevention information, barriers and provider counselling. CONCLUSION: Clear differences exist within the injury burden in San Francisco by demographics, geography and type of injury. The findings from the study will guide the first steps in designing a strategic paediatric injury prevention centre. The methods may guide future investigations into the dynamic needs of clinicians and caregivers regarding injury. A strategic programme focused on the community's unique needs and barriers may effectively reduce injury rates.

Qualitative and/or quantitative drinking water recommendations for pediatric obesity treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The qualitative recommendation to 'drink water instead of caloric beverages' may facilitate pediatric obesity treatment by lowering total energy intake. The quantitative recommendation to 'drink enough water to dilute urine' might further facilitate weight loss by increasing fat oxidation via cell hydration-mediated changes in insulin. METHODS: This 8 week randomized intervention tested whether both qualitative-plus-quantitative (QQ) drinking water recommendations result in more weight loss than the qualitative recommendation alone (Q) in 25 children (9-12y) with body mass index at or above the 85th Percentile, given a reduced glycemic diet and usual physical activity. Random urine osmolality, saliva insulin, and body weight were assessed weekly. Mixed models explored if insulin mediated an effect of urine osmolality on weight loss. RESULTS: In intention-to-treat analyses, QQ and Q participants did not differ significantly with respect to level of urine osmolality, saliva insulin, or weight loss. Only 4 out of 16 QQ participants complied with instruction to drink enough water to dilute urine, however. In completers analyses, the compliant QQ participants, who diluted urine osmolality from 910 ± 161 mmol/kg at baseline to below 500 mmol/kg over time (8 week mean±SE: 450 ± 67 mmol/kg), had significantly lower saliva insulin over time (8 week mean±SE: 13 ± 8 pmol/l vs. 22 ± 4 pmol/l) and greater weight loss (mean ± SE: -3.3 ± 0.7kg vs. -2.0 ± 0.5 kg) than compliant Q participants (7 out of 9 participants) who maintained elevated urine osmolality over time (8- week mean±SE: 888 ± 41 mmol/kg). Urine osmolality below 500 mmol/kg was significantly associated with weight loss. Change in saliva insulin partially explained the association. CONCLUSIONS: QQ recommendations may increase weight loss for those able to dilute urine. Work is warranted to pursue cell hydration effects of drinking water for pediatric obesity treatment.

Effects of three nasal topical steroids in the intraocular pressure compartment.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the use of fluticasone propionate, mometasone furoate, or beclomethasone dipropionate for the treatment of rhinitis produced, as a side effect, an increase in the intraocular pressure; only one printed article proclaims that the increase of secondary intraocular pressure is due to the use of local nasal steroids. PATIENTS AND STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a comparative, double-blind, experimental, prospective, longitudinal study in which 360 patients were divided at random into 4 groups; 90 of them were given a placebo (control group) and the other 270 were divided into 3 other groups of 90 patients each and given a different local nasal steroid for each group. Measurement parameters All patients had their intraocular pressure measured by Goldman's tonometry at 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after using the placebo or local nasal steroid. RESULTS: Variations were found in the intraocular pressure of patients who used local steroid, with discreet elevations in the beclomethasone dipropionate and mometasone furoate groups; however, variations were always within normal limits. CONCLUSION: Fluticasone propionate, mometasone furoate, and beclomethasone dipropionate cause variations in the intraocular pressure, but the variations are within normal limits.

Cambios histológicos de la mucosa nasal en habitantes de la Ciudad de México en comparación con quienes no habitan en áreas metropolitanas / Histologic changes of the nasal mucosa in Mexico City's inhabitants versus inhabitants of suburban areas

Objetivo: Determinar cuáles son los cambios histopatológicos en la mucosa nasal de las personas que viven dentro del área metropolitana del Distrito Federal y que, por ende, están más expuestos a contaminantes ambientales inhalados, en comparación con un grupo control de sujetos que no habitan en áreas metropolitanas ni conurbadas. Material y métodos: Ciento veinte pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. Se integraron dos grupos: los que habitaban en el área metropolitana del D.F. (casos, n = 88) y sujetos que habitaran fuera de ella (controles, n = 32) que aceptaran por escrito participar en el estudio y que acudieran sin patología nasosinusal. Diseño: Prospectivo, comparativo, ciego, observacional y transversal. Parámetros de medición: Se revisó la morfología histológica en biopsias del epitelio proveniente del cornete inferior y si se podían relacionar los cambios metaplásicos con la exposición crónica a niveles elevados de contaminación atmosférica. Resultados: No se logró establecer una diferencia estadísticamente significativa que demostrara una clara correlación entre la exposición a contaminantes atmosféricos y la presencia de cambios metaplásicos en la mucosa nasal. Conclusiones: No es posible aseverar de manera estadísticamente significativa que la exposición a contaminantes inhalados por vivir en el área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México produce cambios histopatológicos en la mucosa nasal.

¿Varía la presión intraocular con el uso de dipropionato de beclometasona en pacientes con rinitis? Estudio comparativo / Does the use of beclometasone propionate produce variation of the intraocular pressure? A comparative trial

Propósito: El objetivo del estudio fue valorar si existía aumento de la presión intraocular en pacientes con el diagnóstico de rinitis que se encontraban bajo tratamiento con dipropionato de beclometasona aplicado a 400 mcg al día por vía nasal. Material y Métodos: Se seleccionaron 60 pacientes con el diagnóstico de rinitis sin importar la etiología, de entre 18 y 60 años de edad. Los pacientes se dividieron mediante un proceso aleatorio en dos grupos de 30 pacientes cada uno. El primer grupo recibió dipropionato de beclometasona. El segundo grupo recibió placebo. A todos los pacientes se les realizó tonometría por aplanamiento a las 3, 6 12, 26 y 52 semanas. Resultados: Se encontró que las variaciones de la presión intraocular en ambos grupos estuvieron dentro de limites de referencia. El promedio de la presión intraocular no mostró diferencias significativas en las mediciones realizadas de las 3 a las 52 semanas (p = 0.473). Conclusión: El dipropionato de beclometasona en aplicación tópica nasal no aumenta significativamente la presión intraocular, incluso después de un año de tratamiento