Partial replacement of corn silage with whole-plant soybean and black oat silages for dairy cows.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partially replacing corn silage (CS) with whole-plant soybean silage (SS) or black oat silage (OS) on nutrient intake and digestibility, in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability of silages, feeding behavior, rumen fermentation, and performance of dairy cows. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows (6 of which were rumen-cannulated) with 32.5 ± 4.92 kg/d milk yield, 150 ± 84.8 days in milk, and 644 ± 79.0 kg of body weight were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design to evaluate the following treatments: (1) corn silage diet (CSD): using corn silage as the only forage source in the diet [48% dietary dry matter (DM)]; (2) whole-plant soybean silage diet (SSD): SS replacing 16% of corn silage from CSD; and (3) black oat silage diet (OSD): OS replacing 16% of corn silage from CSD. The inclusion of OS and SS decreased intakes of DM, organic matter, and crude protein. Corn silage had the greatest in vivo effective degradability of DM, and SS had the least effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber. The OSD treatment decreased milk and protein yields, whereas SSD increased rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration compared with the other diets. Cows fed OSD exhibited a greater preference for feed with small particles (<4 mm) compared with those fed SSD. Cows fed treatments containing either SS or OS at the expense of CS had increased rumination and chewing activities. Although replacing CS with OS and SS reduced feed intake, SS had no effect on productive performance of dairy cows.

Ruminal fatty acid outflow in dry cows fed different sources of linoleic acid: reticulum and omasum as alternative sampling sites to abomasum.

This study was designed to determine the rumen outflow of fatty acids (FA) and biohydrogenation (BH) extent using alternative sampling sites (reticulum and omasum) to abomasum in dry cows fed different sources of FA. Four Holstein non-pregnant dry cows (≥3 parturitions, and 712 ± 125 kg BW), cannulated in the rumen and abomasum, were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, containing the following treatments: 1) control (CON); 2) soya bean oil (SO), dietary inclusion at 30 g/kg; 3) whole raw soya beans (WS), dietary inclusion at 160 g/kg; and 4) calcium salts of FA (CSFA), dietary inclusion at 32 g/kg. Rumen outflow of nutrients was estimated using the three markers reconstitution system (cobalt-EDTA, ytterbium chloride, and indigestible neutral detergent fibre [NDF]). Diets with FA sources decreased feed intake and increased FA intake. No differences in nutrient intake and digestibility were detected among cows fed diets supplemented with different FA sources. Diets with FA sources reduced the rumen outflow of DM and NDF, hence decreasing their passage rates. In addition, SO diet reduced the ruminal outflow of DM and NDF in comparison with WS and CSFA. Omasal sampling yielded the highest values of rumen outflow of NDF and potentially degradable NDF (pdNDF), whereas the reticular and abomasal samplings yielded intermediate and least values, respectively. The interaction effect between diet and sampling site was observed for rumen outflow of majority FA (except for C16:0, C18:0, and C18:2 trans-10, cis-12) and BH extension of C18:1 cis, C18:2, and C18:3. Calculations derived from abomasal sampling revealed that WS and CSFA diets had lower BH extent of C18:1 cis and C18:2 in comparison with SO, whereas cows fed CSFA had greater BH extent of C18:3 and lower BH extent of C18:1 cis compared to those fed WS. However, the latter results were not similar when calculations were performed based on the reticular and omasal samplings. Thus, there is evidence that neither reticular nor omasal samplings are suitable for estimating rumen outflow of FA in dry cows. In addition, WS and CSFA diets can increase the abomasal flow of polyunsaturated FA in dry cows.

Increasing dietary levels of docosahexaenoic acid-rich microalgae: Ruminal fermentation, animal performance, and milk fatty acid profile of mid-lactating dairy cows.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary levels of microalgae (ALG), rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; All-G-Rich, Alltech, Nicholasville, KY), in isolipidic diets, on animal performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, milk fatty acid profile, energy balance, microbial protein synthesis, and blood serum metabolites in mid-lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows [130.3 ± 15.4 d in milk, and 30.8 ± 0.543 kg/d of milk yield (mean ± standard error)] were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the following treatments: control diet, without addition of ALG; and increasing levels of ALG [2, 4, and 6 g/kg of dry matter (DM)]. The ALG decreased DM intake and increased total-tract DM apparent digestibility. A tendency was observed for a quadratic effect on total-tract NDF digestibility by ALG inclusion, with peak value of the quadratic response at 4.13 g/kg of DM dose. Moreover, ALG increased ruminal pH and decreased acetate and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk were quadratically affected, and a tendency for a milk yield effect was observed when ALG levels increased, whereas maximal yields were observed with intermediate doses. Milk fat, protein, and lactose concentrations were diminished, whereas productive efficiency was improved by the increase of ALG levels. Saturated fatty acid proportions were decreased, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions were increased when ALG was fed. There was low DHA transfer into milk; however, ALG inclusion decreased C18:0, C18:1 cis-9, C18:2 cis-9,12, and C18:3 cis-9,12,15 proportions, and increased C18:2 cis-9,trans-11, C18:1 trans-9, and C18:1 trans-11 proportions. Gross energy intake was decreased, whereas no effect was observed on digestible, metabolizable, or net energy intake. The ALG inclusion quadratically affected the microbial protein synthesis, with maximal enhancement at 3.24 g/kg of DM dose, and also increased serum cholesterol concentration. Under the conditions of this experiment, the inclusion of ALG in diets for mid-lactating dairy cows decreased feed intake and increased nutrient digestibility, improving productive efficiency and modifying milk fatty acid profile. Estimated intermediate doses (1.22 to 2.90 g/kg of DM) of DHA-rich ALG may be beneficial to milk, fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk yields, and is recommended for dairy cows.

Effects of exogenous fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation and performance of mid-lactation dairy cows.

Lactation diets are composed mostly of carbohydrates that are not fully fermented by rumen microbes. The aim of this study was to evaluate exogenous fibrolytic (Fibrozyme, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) and amylolytic (Amaize, Alltech Inc.) enzymes on nutrient intake, sorting index, total-tract apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, milk yield, and composition of dairy cows in mid-lactation. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows (181 ± 35 d in milk, 571 ± 72.7 kg of body weight, and 29.6 ± 5.24 kg/d of milk yield at the start of experiment) were blocked according to milk yield and randomly allocated to treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were (1) control, basal diet without exogenous enzymes; (2) fibrolytic enzyme (FIB), dietary supplementation of Fibrozyme at 12 g/d (51 IU of xylanase activity/kg of diet dry matter); (3) amylolytic enzyme (AMY), dietary supplementation of Amaize at 8 g/d (203 fungal amylase units/kg of diet dry matter); and (4) both fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes (FIB+AMY) added at the same dose of the individual treatments. Enzyme products were added to the concentrate during its preparation (once a week). The supply of FIB and AMY had no effect on nutrient intake and digestibility. However, an interaction effect was observed on sorting index of feed particle size between 8 and 19 mm. Amylolytic enzyme increased the sorting for feed particles between 8 and 19 mm, only when fed without FIB. In addition, AMY decreased the sorting for feed with particle size greater than 19 mm. An interaction effect was observed between FIB and AMY for ruminal butyrate concentration and N excretion. Amylolytic enzyme increased ruminal butyrate concentration in cows treated with FIB. Further, FIB decreased milk protein production and feed efficiency only in cows not fed AMY. Amylolytic enzyme reduced urinary N excretion. Exogenous enzymes had no effect on milk production and composition of dairy cows. This study lacks evidence that fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes can affect nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and performance of mid-lactation cows.

Nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and milk yield in dairy cows fed a blend of essential oils and amylase.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate a blend of essential oils (EO) combined with amylase as an alternative to ionophores and its potential for reducing the use of antibiotics in the dairy industry. In experiment 1, 8 rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (576 ± 100 kg of body weight, 146 ± 35 d in milk, and 35.1 ± 4.0 kg/d of milk yield at the start of the experiment) were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 21-d periods to determine the influence of feed additives on total apparent digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation, N utilization, microbial protein synthesis, blood glucose and urea concentrations, and milk yield and composition in dairy cows. Treatment sequences assigned to cows in each block included no feed additives (control; CON); monensin (MON) added at 13 mg/kg of diet dry matter (DM); a blend of EO supplemented at 44 mg/kg of diet DM; and EO treatment combined with α-amylase at 330 kilo novo units/kg of diet DM (EOA). Differences among treatments were studied using orthogonal contrasts as follows: CON versus feed additives (MON, EO, and EOA), MON versus EO and EOA, and EO versus EOA. No differences were detected in nutrient intake and digestibility in cows. In general, feed additives decreased ruminal NH3-N concentration of cows, notably when diet was supplemented with MON. Furthermore, feed additives increased ruminal concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and branched-chain fatty acids. Cows fed treatments containing EO and EOA exhibited lower pH, higher NH3-N, and a trend to greater total volatile fatty acid concentration in the ruminal fluid compared with cows fed MON. Treatments containing EO increased ruminal butyrate concentration compared with MON. No treatment × time interaction effect was observed on ruminal fermentation measurements. Cows fed diets supplemented with feed additives had greater efficiency of N transfer into milk (milk N:N intake), whereas cows fed EOA exhibited greater N transfer into milk than those fed EO. Treatments had no effect on milk yield and composition, but feed additives increased the milk yield efficiency (milk yield divided by dry matter intake), whereas treatments containing EO had similar milk yield efficiency compared with MON. For experiment 2, 30 multiparous Holstein cows (574 ± 68 kg of body weight, 152 ± 54 d in milk, and 30.9 ± 4.1 kg/d of milk yield at the start of the experiment) were enrolled to a randomized complete block design experiment. The MON, EO, and EOA treatments were randomly assigned to cows within blocks (n = 10), and feed additives were provided throughout a 9-wk period. No differences were found in nutrient intake and digestibility, but cows fed EOA tended to exhibit greater dry matter intake than those fed EO. Blood metabolites and milk production were not affected by treatments. However, cows fed MON or EOA had greater milk protein content than those cows fed treatments containing EO. Feeding EO with or without amylase had similar response to feeding MON in terms of feed intake and milk yield, with a small negative effect on milk protein yield when feeding EO alone. Feed additives increased the concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and branched-fatty acids in ruminal fluid, whereas treatments containing EO had greater ruminal butyrate and NH3-N concentrations. Therefore, either EO or EOA can replace MON in diets of dairy cows while maintaining performance.