ABSTRACT
The essential human enzyme lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) silences genes by demethylating mono- and dimethylated lysine 4 in histone H3 (H3K4me1/2). Studies of the minimal requirements for LSD1 activity are complicated by the heterogeneity of histone modification states in cells. We overcame this challenge by generating homogeneous mononucleosome substrates containing semisynthetic H3K4me2. Biophysical and biochemical assays with full-length LSD1 revealed its ability to bind and demethylate nucleosomes. Consistent with a requirement for nucleosome binding prior to demethylation, a competing nucleosome-binding peptide from the high-mobility group protein effectively inhibited LSD1 activity. Thus, our studies provide the first glimpse of nucleosome demethylation by LSD1 in the absence of other scaffolding proteins.
Subject(s)
Histone Demethylases/metabolism , Histones/metabolism , Lysine/metabolism , Nucleosomes/metabolism , Protein Processing, Post-Translational , Histone Demethylases/chemistry , Histone Demethylases/isolation & purification , Histones/chemistry , Humans , Methylation , Models, Molecular , Nucleosomes/chemistry , Protein BindingABSTRACT
The regulation of fundamental processes such as gene expression or cell differentiation involves chromatin states, demarcated by combinatorial histone post-translational modification (PTM) patterns. The subnuclear organization and dynamics of chromatin states is not well understood, as tools for their detection and modulation in live cells are lacking. Here, we report the development of genetically encoded chromatin-sensing multivalent probes, cMAPs, selective for bivalent chromatin, a PTM pattern associated with pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). cMAPs were engineered from a set of PTM-binding (reader) proteins and optimized using synthetic nucleosomes carrying defined PTMs. Applied in live ESCs, cMAPs formed discrete subnuclear foci, revealing the organization of bivalent chromatin into local clusters. Moreover, cMAPs enabled direct monitoring of the loss of bivalency upon treatment with small-molecule epigenetic modulators. cMAPs thus provide a versatile platform to monitor chromatin state dynamics in live cells.
