ABSTRACT
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) are life-threatening acute metabolic complications of diabetes mellitus. Although there are some important differences, the pathophysiology, the presenting clinical challenge, and the treatment of these metabolic derangements are similar. Each of these complications can be seen in type 1 or type 2 diabetes, although DKA is usually seen in patients with type 1 diabetes and HHNS in patients with type 2 disease. The clinical management of these syndromes involves careful evaluation and correction of the metabolic and volume status of the patient, identification and treatment of precipitating and comorbid conditions, a smooth transition to a long-term treatment regimen, and a plan to prevent recurrence.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Ketoacidosis , Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma , Diabetic Ketoacidosis/diagnosis , Diabetic Ketoacidosis/etiology , Diabetic Ketoacidosis/mortality , Diabetic Ketoacidosis/therapy , Electrolytes/blood , Fluid Therapy , Humans , Hyperglycemia/complications , Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma/diagnosis , Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma/etiology , Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma/mortality , Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma/therapy , Phosphates/administration & dosage , Potassium/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Cluster analysis and principal components analysis have been used to classify nine octadecyl (C18) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns into three general groups displaying similar chromatographic behaviour. Principal components analysis was also able to identify the key test compounds on which the classification was most highly dependent. These identifications agreed with the classification and test compound selection by an HPLC specialist. In addition, the chemometric techniques can easily be extended to many more columns and test measurements than could be conveniently examined by a human expert.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/instrumentation , Chemical Phenomena , ChemistryABSTRACT
A quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic method using an octadecylsilane column and a methanol-water mobile phase was employed for the determination of chlordiazepoxide, chlordiazepoxide X HCl and related impurities in capsule and tablet preparations. Each component is well separated and directly detected by 254 nm absorption. For chlordiazepoxide and chlordiazepoxide X HCl the coefficient of variation for replicated injections was below 1%. Recovery of authentic samples ranged from 98.4 to 101.6% for both capsule and tablet formulations.
