Association of Sports Practice in Childhood and Adolescence with Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Adulthood: A Retrospective Epidemiological Study.

BACKGROUND: Practicing sports during childhood and adolescence provides benefits to cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) at these stages of life. However, it is not known whether these benefits to CAM persist into adulthood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the association of early sports practice (sports practice in childhood and/or adolescence) with CAM in adult life, regardless of habitual moderate-to-vigorous PA. METHODS: The sample of the present study consisted of 242 adults (141 women and 101 men; age: 41.99 ± 16.24). The assessment of CAM was performed using heart rate variability indices. Sports practice in childhood and adolescence was assessed using a questionnaire. The intensity of physical activity was assessed using accelerometry. To analyze the association between previous sports practice (childhood and/or adolescence) and CAM, the Generalized Linear Model was adopted, considering CAM indices as continuous variables and early sports practice as a 3-fold factor (no sports practice; sports practice in childhood or adolescence; and sports practice in both childhood and adolescence) adjusted by sex, age, socioeconomic condition, and moderate to vigorous PA. RESULTS: Sports practice in childhood was associated with the average standard deviation of all normal RR intervals expressed in milliseconds (SDNN): ß = 5.89; 95%CI: 0.25;11.52, and the standard deviation of the long-term intervals between consecutive heartbeats (SD2): ß = 7.63; 95%CI:1.04; 14.23 indices. Sports practice in adolescence was associated in adulthood with the SD2 index: ß = 7.37; 95%CI: 0.71;14.04. Sports practice in at least one of the periods (childhood or adolescence) was significantly associated with the square root of the mean square of the differences between adjacent normal RR intervals for a period of time expressed in milliseconds (RMSSD) (ß = 8.86; 95%CI = 0.71;17.01), and the standard deviation of the instantaneous beat to beat variability (SD1) (ß = 6.21; 95%CI = 0.45;11.97). Sports practice at both stages of life was significantly associated with better SDNN (ß = 7.70; 95%CI = 1.16;14.23) and SD2 (ß = 10.18; 95%CI = 2.51;17.85). CONCLUSION: Early sports practice was associated with better CAM in adulthood, independently of the current physical activity level. Based on these findings, sports practice is encouraged from childhood and adolescence, for benefits to CAM in adult life.

Analysis of the association between high workload and musculoskeletal pain in public school teachers according to physical activity level.

BACKGROUND: A high workload has been associated with musculoskeletal pain in public school teachers. However, the hypothesis of the present study was that physical activity (PA) practice is able to attenuate this association. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the associations between high workload with musculoskeletal pain according to PA levels in public school teachers. METHODS: Teachers (n = 239) from 13 public schools were evaluated. Workload was assessed using a Likert scale in which teachers reported their perception of their work routine as: very low, low, regular, high, and very high. Musculoskeletal pain and PA were assessed using questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate the association of high workload with PA levels and musculoskeletal pain in different body regions, compared to participants with normal workload, adjusted by sex, age, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: A high workload was associated with higher chances of reporting pain in the wrists and hands (OR = 3.55; 95% CI = 1.27-9.89), knee (OR = 3.09; 95CI%  = 1.09-8.82), and feet and ankles (OR = 3.16; 95% CI = 1.03-9.76) in less active teachers. However, these associations were not observed in teachers considered more active. CONCLUSION: PA practice is able to act as a good protector against musculoskeletal pain in teachers, even in individuals with a high workload.

High workload is related to lower quality of life in public school teachers: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: People with long work hours, as evidenced by teachers, were more likely to present health problems that impact their quality of life (QoL). The reduced physical activity (PA) level or higher sedentary behavior in public school teachers was related to obesity. Although PA seems to improve the QoL in other professions, assessing whether the PA level could influence the relationship between workload and QoL in public school teachers is necessary. OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether the high workload was related to worse QoL in teachers considered less active and more active. METHODS: Two hundred forty-three teachers from public schools participated in this study. The domains of QoL and PA levels were assessed by SF-36 and Baecke questionnaires, respectively. Workload perception was assessed by a Likert scale. Binary logistic regression analyzed the association between high workload and QoL domains in teachers considering the PA level in a model adjusted by confounding factors (i.e., sex, age, and socioeconomic condition). RESULTS: Heavy workload was associated with less chances of having better physical limitation domain of both less and more physically active teachers. Less active teachers with heavy workloads were 53%, 61%, and 56% less likely to have better vitality, social functioning, and mental health, respectively. No such associations were observed in the more physically active teachers. CONCLUSION: Less active teachers with a heavy workload demonstrate lower QoL. Although the PA practice eliminated this relationship, both active and less active teachers with a heavy workload demonstrated lower QoL in physical limitation domain.

Association of Early Sports Participation With Sedentary Behavior in Community-Dwelling Adults-The Role of Sociodemographic Factors in a Retrospective Epidemiological Study.

BACKGROUND: The role of sociodemographic factors in the association between early sports participation (ESP) and sedentary behavior is unclear. We analyzed the association of ESP with sedentary behavior and identified the influence of sociodemographic factors in adulthood. METHODS: A sample of 264 community-dwelling adults was randomly assessed (42.6 [17.0] y old, 57.6% women). Sociodemographic factors (age, gender, and socioeconomic status) and ESP (retrospectively) were assessed by questionnaire. Sedentary behavior was measured by accelerometer and self-reported for domains identification. The association between ESP and sedentary behavior domains and sociodemographic factors was analyzed by Poisson regression and presented in prevalence ratio (PR). Sociodemographic factors were separately included as covariates to identify their role in the main association analysis. RESULTS: The ESP prevalence was 56.4% (n = 149). ESP participants included a higher proportion of men (59.7% vs 20.0%), had a lower age (36.8 [15.3] vs 50.8 [15.9]), and included a smaller proportion of individuals with low socioeconomic status (24.8% vs 43.5%) compared with those without ESP. The ESP was inversely associated with older age (PR = 0.58, P < .001 for middle aged; PR = 0.34, P < .001 for older participants), female gender (PR = 0.79, P < .001), low socioeconomic status (PR = 0.63, P = .036), and TV watching (PR = 0.67, P = .011). ESP was associated with driving (PR = 1.50, P = .028), office/paper work (PR = 1.63, P = .012), and using a cellphone (PR = 1.60, P = .009). The age was the main confounding factor of association between ESP and sedentary behavior, followed by socioeconomic status. No mediation role was identified. CONCLUSION: The ESP was associated with mentally active behavior domains and inversely associated with mentally passive sedentary behavior domains, but this association was majorly affected by sociodemographic factors, mainly by age.

Association of Musculoskeletal Pain With Sedentary Behavior in Public School Teachers: The Role of Habitual Physical Activity.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior has been associated with musculoskeletal pain in school teachers. However, our hypothesis is that physical activity practice could mitigate this association. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of musculoskeletal pain with high screen-based sedentary behavior among public school teachers and whether physical activity could mitigate this relationship. METHOD: A sample of 246 teachers from 13 public schools were assessed (45.0 ± 10.4 years, 76.0% of women). Musculoskeletal pain was assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, screen-based sedentary behavior was measured considering the sum of screen time in television, computer, and smartphone/tablet, and physical activity using the Baecke habitual physical activity questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was used to verify the associations between high screen-based sedentary behavior and musculoskeletal pain in school teachers (Model 1-unadjusted; Model 2-adjusted by age, sex, and socioeconomic status; Model 3-variables of Model 2 + adjusted by physical activity). RESULTS: High screen-based sedentary behavior was associated with pain in neck (odds ratio = 2.09; 95%confidence interval = 1.08-4.04), upper back (odds ratio = 2.21; 95%confidence interval = 1.07-4.56), and low back (odds ratio = 1.91; 95%confidence interval = 1.00-3.65). However, after inserting the variables, including physical activity, these associations were mitigated. CONCLUSIONS: High screen-based sedentary behavior was associated with musculoskeletal pain in public school teachers. However, this relationship was mitigated after the inclusion of confounding variables, including physical activity.

Sports Participation from Childhood to Adolescence is Associated with Lower Body Dissatisfaction in Boys-A Sex-Specific Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the association between body dissatisfaction and sports participation from childhood to adolescence in a school-based sample of adolescents, according to sex. METHODS: A total of 1011 adolescents of 13.1 ± 2.3 years of age were evaluated. Body dissatisfaction was assessed by the Silhouettes Scale and sports participation for at least one consecutive year was retrospectively assessed by closed specific questions related to childhood and adolescence periods. Body mass index (BMI) and abdominal obesity were objectively measured. Habitual practice of physical activity (PA), socioeconomic status (SES), and ethnicity were assessed through questionnaires. RESULTS: Sports participation from childhood to adolescence was observed in 55.1% of boys and in 41.2% of girls. Boys with body dissatisfaction showed lower habitual PA in leisure time (Baecke score = 4.38 ± 2.27 vs. 5.15 ± 2.25, p < 0.05) and in total (Baecke score = 9.34 ± 2.64 vs. 9.96 ± 2.68, p < 0.05) than those who were satisfied. No differences were observed among girls. Sports participation from childhood to adolescence was associated with 42% less chance of having body dissatisfaction in boys (OR = 0.58 [95%CI = 0.36-0.94]). No significant association was observed among girls. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Sports participation from childhood to adolescence was negatively associated with body dissatisfaction in boys. The continuity of physical activity during youth may be an important modifiable factor to reduce body dissatisfaction.

Daily activity limitations and physical activity encouragement influence adolescents seeking health care for neck and low back pain.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the factors associated with care-seeking behaviour in adolescents with spinal pain will inform health care professionals and guide a better decision-making. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors, including parents' habits and behaviour, related to care-seeking in adolescents with neck pain or low back pain (LBP). STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: Adolescents between 10 and 17 years were randomly recruited from public schools. The proportion of adolescents with neck or LBP and those who had sought care for neck and LBP were assessed with the Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaire. Daily activity limitation and the frequency of parents' habits and behaviour were collected using self-reported questions. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate if the following factors were associated with adolescents' care-seeking behaviour due to neck or LBP: daily activity limitations, physical activity (PA) domains, items of the social support scale. RESULTS: The prevalence of adolescents reporting neck or LBP was 31.4% (318 out of 1011). Of these, 35.8% (n = 114) sought care for neck or low back pain. Activity limitations related to neck or LBP (OR: 5.83, 95% CI: 3.46 to 9.84), higher PA levels at school (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.75), and PA encouragement (OR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.27 to 5.85) were associated with care-seeking in adolescents with neck or LBP. CONCLUSION: Adolescents with activity limitations due to neck or LBP, higher PA levels at school and encouraged by parents or friends to practice PA were more likely to seek care for their neck or LBP.

Relationship of Cardiac Autonomic Modulation with Cardiovascular Parameters in Adults, According to Body Mass Index and Physical Activity.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) and cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure and resting heart rate) in a sample of 256 adults, grouped by body mass index and sufficient moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (≥150 min/week). The sample showed different cardiovascular parameters and CAM according to body mass index, but not according to physical activity. Adults who are overweight and physically active presented higher relationship between CAM and blood pressure than those who are insufficiently active, similarly to normal weight groups. Recommended levels of physical activity may play an important role in the relationship of HRV with cardiovascular parameters in overweight adults, regardless of sex, age, socioeconomic level, and central fat. Trial registration: Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03986879). Graphical abstract.

Relationship between domains of physical activity and cardiac autonomic modulation in adults: a cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship of physical activity in different domains with cardiac autonomic modulation in adults. A sample of 252 adults was randomly selected, with mean age of 42.1 (± 16.5) years, being 58% of women. Cardiac autonomic modulation was assessed through indexes of heart rate variability in time (SDNN, RMSSD) and frequency (LF, HF) domains for linear method, and by Poincaré plot for non-linear method (SD1, SD2 components). Domains of PA (occupation, sport, leisure time/commuting, and total) were assessed by Baecke's questionnaire. Variables of age, gender, socioeconomic status (questionnaire) and body mass index (objectively measures) were covariates. Occupational PA was positively related to LF (ß = 2.39, 95% CI 0.24; 4.54), sports PA was positively related to SDNN (ß = 3.26, 95% CI 0.18; 7.05), RMSSD (ß = 4.07, 95% CI 0.31; 7.85), and SD1 (ß = 2.85, 95% CI 0.11; 5.81), and leisure time/commuting PA was positively related to SDNN (ß = 3.36, 95% CI 0.28; 6.70) and RMSSD (ß = 3.53, 95% CI 0.46; 7.52) indexes. Total PA was related to RMSSD (ß = 1.70, 95% CI 0.04; 3.72). Sports, leisure time/commuting, and total PA were related to higher parasympathetic modulation, while occupational PA was related to higher sympathetic modulation to the heart in adults.

Is physical activity associated with resting heart rate in boys and girls? A representative study controlled for confounders / A atividade física está associada à frequência cardíaca de repouso em meninos e meninas? Estudo representativo controlado para fatores de confusão

Abstract Objective: Investigate the relationship between different domains of physical activity and resting heart rate (RHR) in boys and girls. Method: The sample included 1011 adolescents, aged between 10 and 17 years. RHR was measured by a heart rate monitor and physical activity was assessed in total and in three different domains (school, occupational, and sports practice) by a questionnaire. Anthropometry was directly obtained for body mass index and central fat. Ethnicity, sedentary behavior, and smoking habits were self-reported and used to adjust the analysis, through hierarchical linear regression. Results: Total physical activity was associated with low RHR in boys (β = −0.52; 95% CI: −0.92, −0.12) and girls (β = −0.67; 95% CI: −1.07, −0.28). Although sporting physical activities were associated with low RHR in both boys (β = −0.58; 95% CI: −1.05, −0.11) and girls (β = −0.87; 95% CI: −1.34, −0.39), occupational physical activity was related to low RHR only in boys (β = −1.56; 95% CI: −2.99, −0.14). Conclusion: The practice of physical activity in the sport practice domain and total physical activity were related to low RHR in both sexes, while occupational physical activities were associated with RHR only in boys.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar a relação entre diferentes domínios de atividade física e frequência cardíaca de repouso (FCRep) em meninos e meninas. Método A amostra incluiu 1.011 adolescentes, entre 10 e 17 anos. A FCRep foi medida por um monitor de frequência cardíaca e a atividade física foi avaliada no total e em três diferentes domínios (escolar, ocupacional e prática esportiva) através de um questionário. A antropometria foi obtida diretamente para o índice de massa corporal e gordura central. Etnia, comportamento sedentário e tabagismo foram autorrelatados e usados para ajustar a análise, através da regressão linear hierárquica. Resultados A atividade física total foi associada à baixa FCRep nos meninos (β = −0,52; IC95% −0,92; −0,12) e meninas (β = −0,67; IC95% −1,07; −0,28). Embora as atividades físicas esportivas estivessem associadas à baixa FCRep em ambos, meninos (β = −0,58; IC95% −1,05, −0,11) e meninas (β = −0,87; IC95% −1,34, −0,39), a atividade física ocupacional estava relacionada à baixa FCRep apenas em meninos (β = −1,56; IC95% −2,99; −0,14). Conclusão A prática de atividade física no domínio da prática esportiva e a atividade física total foram relacionadas à baixa FCRep em ambos os sexos, enquanto as atividades físicas ocupacionais foram associadas à FCRep apenas em meninos.

Association of musculoskeletal pain with poor sleep quality in public school teachers.

BACKGROUND: Teachers perform repetitive movements all day, which can cause pain in body regions. This article analyzes the association of pain with sleep quality in this population. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship of musculoskeletal pain and sleep quality in teachers from public schools. METHODS: The sample consisted of 242 teachers, selected in a random process. Musculoskeletal pain and sleep quality were evaluated by using a questionnaire. The association between sleep quality and musculoskeletal pain was evaluated using the chi-square test. The magnitude of the associations was verified by Binary Logistic Regression, adjusted by sex, age, BMI, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Teachers with poor sleep quality presented higher body mass index (BMI) values when compared to teachers with good sleep quality (27.9 vs 26.0, p = 0.012). Teachers with poor sleep quality were approximately twice as likely to report thoracic pain (OR = 2.16[95% CI = 1.12-4.16]), wrist pain (OR = 3.28[95% CI = 1.18-9.07]), low back pain (OR = 3.09[95% CI = 1.29-7.41]), and ankle/foot pain (OR = 2.83[95% CI = 1.32-6.08]). CONCLUSIONS: Teachers with poor sleep quality were approximately twice as likely to present pain in several body parts. Our findings revealed that poor sleep quality was significantly associated with musculoskeletal pain in Brazilian teachers of public schools, regardless of confounding factors.

Sedentary behavior is more related with cardiovascular parameters in normal weight than overweight adolescents.

This study analyzed the relationship between sedentary behavior and cardiovascular parameters in normal weight and overweight adolescents. The sample included 449 boys and 555 girls with mean age of 13 years from public schools, which were divided into five geographical regions, with data collections performed in one selected school from each region. Sedentary behavior was assessed by screen time on TV, computer, videogame and cell phone/tablet, with good reliability in adolescents. Physical activity was assessed by Baecke's questionnaire, validated for adolescents. Measures of body weight, height and waist circumference were collected. Adolescents were classified as overweight or normal weight by cut-off points of body mass index for age and sex. Cardiovascular parameters were evaluated by oscillometric device and heart rate by specific monitor. Computer use was positively related to systolic blood pressure (SBP) (ß = 0.35; 95%CI = 0.07-0.62) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (ß = 0.25; 95%CI = 0.05-0.44) in normal weight but not in overweight adolescents. Similar results were observed for cell phone/tablet in SBP (ß = 0.46; 95%CI = 0.20-0.72) and DBP (ß = 0.36; 95%CI = 0.18-0.54), only for normal weight. The cluster of screen time was related to SBP in normal weight (ß = 0.44; 95%CI = 0.03-0.84) and overweight (ß = 0.60; 95%CI = 0.01-1.19). Screen time in computer and cell phone/tablet was more related to cardiovascular parameters in normal weight than overweight adolescents.

Effects of active video games on children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of active video games (AVGs) on obesity-related outcomes and physical activity levels in children and adolescents. DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS: Literature search was performed in five electronic databases and the main clinical trials registries. Randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of AVGs compared with no/minimal intervention on obesity-related outcomes (body mass index [BMI], body weight, body fat, and waist circumference) and physical activity levels of children and adolescents were eligible. Two independent reviewers extracted the data of each included study. PEDro scale was used to assess risk of bias and GRADE approach to evaluate overall quality of evidence. Pooled estimates were obtained using random effect models. RESULTS: Twelve studies were considered eligible for this review. Included studies mostly reported outcome data at short-term (less or equal than three months) and intermediate-term follow-up (more than 3 months, but <12 months). AVGs were more effective than no/minimal intervention in reducing BMI/zBMI at short-term (SMD = -0.34; 95% CI: -0.62 to -0.05) and intermediate-term follow-up (SMD = -0.36; 95% CI: -0.01 to -0.71). In addition, AVGs were more effective in reducing body weight compared with no/minimal intervention at intermediate-term follow-up (SMD = -0.25; 95% CI: -0.46 to -0.04). Regarding physical activity levels, AVGs were not more effective compared with minimal intervention at short-term and intermediate-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our review identified that AVGs were better than minimal intervention in reducing BMI and body weight, but not for increasing physical activity in young people.

Is physical activity associated with resting heart rate in boys and girls? A representative study controlled for confounders.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the relationship between different domains of physical activity and resting heart rate (RHR) in boys and girls. METHOD: The sample included 1011 adolescents, aged between 10 and 17 years. RHR was measured by a heart rate monitor and physical activity was assessed in total and in three different domains (school, occupational, and sports practice) by a questionnaire. Anthropometry was directly obtained for body mass index and central fat. Ethnicity, sedentary behavior, and smoking habits were self-reported and used to adjust the analysis, through hierarchical linear regression. RESULTS: Total physical activity was associated with low RHR in boys (ß=-0.52; 95% CI: -0.92, -0.12) and girls (ß=-0.67; 95% CI: -1.07, -0.28). Although sporting physical activities were associated with low RHR in both boys (ß=-0.58; 95% CI: -1.05, -0.11) and girls (ß=-0.87; 95% CI: -1.34, -0.39), occupational physical activity was related to low RHR only in boys (ß=-1.56; 95% CI: -2.99, -0.14). CONCLUSION: The practice of physical activity in the sport practice domain and total physical activity were related to low RHR in both sexes, while occupational physical activities were associated with RHR only in boys.

Gender Analyses of Brazilian Parental Eating and Activity With Their Adolescents' Eating Habits.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the associations between the eating habits of sons and daughters and the eating habits, sedentary behavior, and physical activity of their fathers and mothers. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of adolescents. SETTING: The 6 largest schools in Londrina, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 842 adolescents, 842 mothers, and 842 fathers participated in this study. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Eating habits of adolescents and sedentary behavior, physical activity, and eating habits of their fathers and mothers, measured by questionnaire. ANALYSIS: The associations were identified by binary logistic regression, adjusted by adolescent's age, family's socioeconomic status, parents' educational level, and the other parental behavior. RESULTS: Independent of educational level and socioeconomic condition, mothers' eating behaviors seem to be more closely related to their adolescent children's eating behavior (vegetables, fruits, fried foods, soft drinks, and sweets [P = .001]) than fathers' behaviors (fried foods and sweets [P = .01], soft drinks [P = .001]). In addition, the behaviors of mothers were more associated to the behaviors of daughters than to the behaviors of sons (7 vs 5 associated behaviors), while behaviors of fathers were more associated with the behaviors of sons than to the behaviors of daughters (4 vs 2 associated behaviors). No associations were noted for sedentary and physical activity behavior and eating behaviors between adolescents and their parents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Many eating habits of adolescents were associated with eating habits of both fathers and mothers, emphasizing the importance of family-focused health promotion actions. Future research is needed incorporating into the analyses, among others, the nutritional statuses and the clustering of healthy and unhealthy behaviors of parents and their children.

The relationship between physical activity intensity and domains with cardiac autonomic modulation in adults: An observational protocol study.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac autonomic modulation is an important marker of cardiovascular health and the practice of physical activity is a fundamental tool for good maintenance or increments in this marker. However, it is not clear in the literature whether different intensities and different domains of physical activity are related in the same way to cardiac autonomic modulation. OBJECTIVES: This randomized epidemiologic study will examine the relationship between cardiac autonomic modulation and different intensities and domains of physical activity in a representative sample of adults. METHODS: The sample of study will consist of 252 subjects aged from 18 years and above. The sample will be randomized through census sectors in which the neighborhoods, streets, and houses will also be randomized. Cardiac autonomic modulation will be assessed by heart rate variability and the intensity (mild, moderate, intense) of physical activity will be evaluated by means of accelerometers, while the different domains of physical activity (physical activity at work, occupational activities) will be evaluated through a questionnaire. The relationship between cardiac autonomic modulation and different physical activity intensities, as well as the different domains will be analyzed by linear regression, considering a statistical significance of 5% and a 95% confidence interval. This research protocol is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov at number NCT03986879.

Physical activity levels are associated with regional bone mineral density in boys.

Background: Youth is a crucial period for bone gain, and physical activity (PA) has shown to increase bone mineral density (BMD) in this period. However, whether PA affects regional BMD is unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between PA levels and regional BMD in youths. Methods: The sample included 110 children and adolescents aged 6-14 years. Body mass, height, sitting trunk length, and leg length were obtained for body mass index and maturity offset calculation. The arms, pelvis, spine, trunk, and legs BMD were measured by double energy X-ray absorptiometry. The PA was evaluated by questionnaire, and youths were classified as low, moderately, or highly physically active. Results: The sample included 63.7% boys and 36.3% girls with mean age of sample 9.5 (±1.6) yrs. Age, body mass index, and maturity offset were similar between sexes (p > 0.05). Boys with low PA levels had lower BMD Z-score for arms (-0.20 ± 0.71 vs. 0.30 ± 1.19, p = 0.006) and legs (-0.14 ± 1.00 vs. 0.35 ± 1.06, p = 0.026) compared to highly physically active youths. Multiple linear regression showed a positive linear relationship between legs BMD and PA in boys (ß = 0.72 [95% CI = 0.09; 1.36]). Conclusion: In boys, low PA levels are associated with lower BMD in arms and legs.

Physical activity of parents and of their children: a systematic review of Brazilian sample studies - Report Card Brazil / Atividade física de pais e filhos: uma revisão sistemática de estudos com amostras brasileiras - Report Card Brazil

Abstract The aim of this study was systematically review the researches in regard the association of PA of parents and the PA of their children. A literature search was performed in five databases (Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Lilacs and SciELO) using combined terms about youth, PA and social support, with restriction to publications with Brazilian sample and to English and Portuguese language. Thirteen studies were included in this review and was observed a positive association of parental PA and the PA of their children for the majority of the studies (n=11). Only two studies did not observed significant association between PA of parents and their children and, otherwise, it was not observed negative associations in the review. It was observed different associations according to the gender of both parents and children. This findings support the importance for the practice of PA by parents as encouragement for the practice of PA by their children among Brazilians. The strategies to promote the increase in practice of physical activity of children and adolescents of both genders may consider the social support as an important factor, especially in relation to the practice of PA of their parents.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar sistematicamente estudos que analisaram a associação da prática de atividade física de pais e filhos. Foi realizada uma busca sistemática em cinco bases de dados (Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Lilacs e SciELO), por meio da combinação de termos sobre crianças e adolescentes, atividade física e suporte social, sendo restrita a estudos contendo amostras brasileiras e escritos em Inglês e/ou Português. Foram incluídos treze estudos na presente revisão e foi observada associação positiva da prática de atividade física de pais e filhos na maioria dos estudos (n=11). Somente dois estudos não observaram associação significativa da atividade física de pais e filhos, contudo não foram observadas associações negativas. Foram observadas diferentes associações de acordo com o gênero tanto dos pais quanto dos filhos. Estes achados ressaltam a importância da prática de atividade física dos pais como incentivo à prática de atividade física dos filhos em amostras brasileiras. Estratégias de promoção da prática de atividade física em crianças e adolescentes de ambos os sexos devem considerar o suporte social como um fator importante, especialmente a respeito da prática de atividade física dos pais.

Screen time by different devices in adolescents: association with physical inactivity domains and eating habits.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behaviors in adolescents are associated with using screen devices, analyzed as the total daily time in television viewing, using the computer and video game. However, an independent and clustered analysis of devices allows greater understanding of associations with physical inactivity domains and eating habits in adolescents. METHODS: Sample of adolescents aged 10-17 years (N.=1011) from public and private schools, randomly selected. The use of screen devices was measured by hours per week spent in each device: TV, computer, videogames and mobile phone/tablet. Physical inactivity domains (school, leisure and sports), eating habits (weekly food consumption frequency) and socioeconomic status were assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of high use of mobile phone/tablet was 70% among adolescents, 63% showed high use of TV or computer and 24% reported high use of videogames. High use of videogames was greater among boys and high use of mobile phone/tablet was higher among girls. Significant associations of high use of TV (OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.04-1.99), computer (OR=1.44, 95% CI: 1.03-2.02), videogames (OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.13-2.69) and consumption of snacks were observed. High use of computer was associated with fried foods consumption (OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.01-1.75) and physical inactivity (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.03-1.95). Mobile phone was associated with consumption of sweets (OR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.00-1.80). Cluster using screen devices showed associations with high consumption of snacks, fried foods and sweets, even after controlling for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: The high use of screen devices was associated with high consumption of snacks, fried foods, sweets and physical inactivity in adolescents.

Analysis of different anthropometric indicators in the detection of high blood pressure in school adolescents: a cross-sectional study with 8295 adolescents.

BACKGROUND: High blood pressure is strongly associated with obesity in different populations. However, it is unclear whether different anthropometric indicators of obesity can satisfactorily predict high blood pressure in the school setting. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist to height ratio in the detection of high blood pressure in adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 8295 adolescents aged 10-17 years. Weight was measured using a digital scale, height with a stadiometer, and waist circumference using a tape measure. Blood pressure was measured by an automatic blood pressure measuring device. ROC curves were used for the analysis of sensitivity and specificity of the three anthropometric indices in identifying high blood pressure. Binary Logistic Regression was used to assess the association of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist to height ratio with high blood pressure. RESULTS: Low values of sensitivity were observed for body mass index (0.35), waist circumference (0.37), and waist to height ratio (0.31) and high values of specificity for body mass index (0.86), waist circumference (0.82), and waist to height ratio (0.83) in the detection of high blood pressure. An association was observed between adolescents classified with high body mass index (OR=3.57 [95% CI=3.10-4.10]), waist cirumference (OR=3.24 [95% CI=2.83-3.72]), and waist to height ratio (OR=2.94 [95% CI=2.54-3.40]) with high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Body mass index, waist circumference, and waist to height ratio presented low sensitivity to identify adolescents with high blood pressure. However, adolescents classified with high body mass index, waist circumference, and waist to height ratio demonstrated a high association of presenting high blood pressure.