ABSTRACT
Nucleotides and nucleosides are secreted into extracellular media at different concentrations as a consequence of different physiologic and pathological conditions. Ecto-nucleotidases, enzymes present on the surface of most cells, hydrolyze these extracellular nucleotides and reduce the concentration of them, thus affecting the activation of different nucleotide and nucleoside receptors. Also, ecto-nucleotidases are present in a number of microorganisms and play important roles in host-pathogen interactions. Here, we characterized the ecto-ATPase activities present on the surface of HIV-1 particle and human macrophages as well. We found that the kinetic properties of HIV-1 and macrophage ecto-ATPases are similar, suggesting that the enzyme is the same. This ecto-ATPase activity was increased in macrophages infected in vitro with HIV-1. Using three different non-related ecto-ATPase inhibitors-POM-1, ARL67156 and BG0-we showed that the inhibition of these macrophage and viral ecto-ATPase activities impairs HIV-1 infection. In addition, we also found that elevated extracellular concentrations of ATP inhibit HIV-1 production by infected macrophages.
Subject(s)
Adenosine Triphosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , HIV Infections/enzymology , HIV-1/drug effects , Macrophages/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives , Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Extracellular Space/metabolism , Host-Parasite Interactions , Humans , Kinetics , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/virology , Naphthalenes/pharmacology , Polymers/pharmacology , Tungsten Compounds/pharmacologyABSTRACT
SummaryIntroduction: The host niche for Staphylococcus aureus (SA) are the anterior nares; however, vaginal colonization rates between 14% and 17.1% in pregnant women have been recently reported, raising interest about the potential risk in postpartum women and in neonates from colonized mothers.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of nasal and vaginal colonization of SA and the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates in pregnant women attending a maternity hospital in Cartagena, Colombia.Methods: Nasal and vaginal swabs were obtained from participants and subjected to microbiological and molecular assays. A post discharge follow-up was performed for up to four weeks.Results: From 100 pregnant women enrolled in the study, 34 were colonized with SA; 29 only in the nares, three only in the vagina, and two at both sites. Colonization of pregnant women with SA was more common in the nares than in the vagina or at both sites [29/34 (85.3%) vs 3/34 (8.8%) and 2/34 (5.9%); p<0.05]. We obtained 36 SA isolates,nine (25%) of which were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), one was from the vagina; thus, the overall MRSA colonization rate among pregnant women was 9%. Molecular analysis showed that Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes were carried by the vaginal MRSA, seven of the nasal MRSA, and two of the Methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates. Two MRSA isolates carried SCCmec type I and seven carried SCCmec type IV.Conclusions: Nasal colonization rate for SA in the study population was similar to previous reports. However, the frequency of nasal colonization of MRSA was higher while vaginal colonization of SA was lower than previously reported in other studies for similar populations. The MRSA isolates obtained showed a community profile.
ResumenIntroducción: Staphylococcus aureus (SA) ha adoptado como nicho habitual en las narinas anteriores; sin embargo, recientemente se han reportado tasas de colonización del tracto genital de mujeres embarazadas entre 14% y 17.1%, lo que aumenta el interés respecto al riesgo asociado para el neonato y la madre en el posparto.Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de colonización nasal y vaginal por SA y los patrones de susceptibilidad a antibióticos de los aislamientos en una comunidad obstétrica de Cartagena, Colombia.
