Influence and presumption of the vaccine against Covid-19 in South American families.

Faced with the uncertainty of whether the vaccines against Covid-19 are effective or not and faced with living or dying, it is important to know the perception and expectation of their acceptance. The main aim of the study to analyze the perception and expectation of the vaccine against Covid- 19 that South American families have in an urban area of De Pasco. Descriptive, cross-sectional study, simple random sampling of 197 families. The participants were recruited digitally through a neighborhood leadership and an online survey was applied with prior consent. The logistic regression analysis was performed in EPIDAT 4.1 with a significance level of 5%. Regarding the desire to be vaccinated, it is worth noting that a family member died from the coronavirus, hence the health personnel must continue with the preventive promotional work of vaccination in order to obtain favorable results in the entire population. The majority (100%) have a favorable perception and expectation about the vaccine against Covid- 19 ( X c 2 =132.83) and the p-value (0.00); As regards the desire to be vaccinated, it is worth noting having had a family member die from the coronavirus, hence the health personnel must continue with the preventive promotional work of vaccination in order to obtain favorable results in the entire population.

The seasonal sensitivity of brown bear denning phenology in response to climatic variability.

BACKGROUND: For brown bears (Ursus arctos), hibernation is a critical part of the annual life cycle because energy savings during hibernation can be crucial for overwintering, and females give birth to cubs at that time. For hibernation to be a useful strategy, timing is critical. However, environmental conditions vary greatly, which might have a negative effect on the functionality of the evolved biological time-keeping. Here, we used a long-term dataset (69 years) on brown bear denning phenology recorded in 12 Russian protected areas and quantified the phenological responses to variation in temperature and snow depth. Previous studies analyzing the relationship between climate and denning behavior did not consider that the brown bear response to variation in climatic factors might vary through a period preceding den entry and exit. We hypothesized that there is a seasonal sensitivity pattern of bear denning phenology in response to variation in climatic conditions, such that the effect of climatic variability will be pronounced only when it occurs close to den exit and entry dates. RESULTS: We found that brown bears are most sensitive to climatic variations around the observed first den exit and last entry dates, such that an increase/decrease in temperature in the periods closer to the first den exit and last entry dates have a greater influence on the denning dates than in other periods. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that climatic factors are modulating brown bear hibernation phenology and provide a further structuring of this modulation. The sensitivity of brown bears to changes in climatic factors during hibernation might affect their ability to cope with global climate change. Therefore, understanding these processes will be essential for informed management of biodiversity in a changing world.

Clinical case: complicated diabetic foot ulcer.

Description of a clinical case of a long-standing diabetic patient, who on admission to prison presents ulcerations on both feet, of ten years of evolution. Until his admission to the Penitentiary Center he has suffered repeated hospital admissions, repeatedly proposing amputation, which the patient refused. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the importance of performing an etiological diagnosis of the lesion, taking into account all the factors that are present in a diabetic foot lesion.

Cardiovascular health education intervention in the Prison of Soria.

OBJECTIVE: To promote awareness of healthy lifestyles, to help decrease the risk factors that cause cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, through Health Education (HE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between November and December 2014 in the prison of Soria, HE intervention in cardiovascular diseases was performed. Participation was offered to 160 inmates at the Prison. The intervention consisted of individual interviews with anthropometric assessment and review of medical records and three group sessions with theoretical and practical content of these diseases, as well as dietary recommendations, Mediterranean diet and exercise. Knowledge gained from surveys conducted for that purpose was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 33 (21%) of 160. Average age 38.2 (35.2 to 41.3). PREVALENCE: Normal weight (BMI 18 to 24.9) 18 (54.5%), overweight BMI (25.0 to 29.9) 11 (33.3%), obesity (IBMI from 30) 4 (12. 1%). Cardiovascular risk (CVR) as ICC (waist hip ratio) 10 (30%) high risk, REGICOR 4 (12.1%) moderate risk. Relative risk of comorbidity in 2 (6.0%) had a slightly increased risk, 4 (12.1%) had increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: HE interventions are necessary and effective in modifying lifestyles. The calculation of CVT should serve to implement preventive measures to reduce the factors of cardiovascular risk.

Dermatophytosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: clinical aspects and etiologic agents.

Dermatophytosis in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection seems to manifest with atypical, multiple, or extensive lesions more frequently. In addition, there are reports of presentations with little inflammation, called anergics. Less common etiologic agents have been isolated in these individuals, such as Microsporum species. To describe clinical aspects and etiologic agents of dermatophytosis in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Patients with clinical diagnosis of dermatophytosis underwent scarification for mycological diagnosis through direct microscopic examination and fungal isolation in culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Sixty individuals had a clinical hypothesis of dermatophytosis. In 20 (33.3%) of the 60 patients, dermatophytosis was confirmed through a mycological study. Tinea corporis, diagnosed in 14 patients, was the most frequent clinical form, followed by tinea unguium in 7, tinea cruris in 5, and tinea pedis in 1 patient. Most of the lesions of tinea corporis were anergic. Five patients with tinea unguium had involvement of multiple nails, with onychodystrophy as the predominant subtype. Multiple cutaneous lesions occurred in 3 patients and extensive cutaneous lesions in 4. Regarding the agent, Trichophyton rubrum was the most commonly isolated. The high occurrence of anergic skin lesions and involvement of multiple nails, especially as onychodystrophy, corroborates the hypothesis that atypical, disseminated, and more severe presentations are common in individuals with HIV infection. However, no Microsporum species was isolated even in atypical, extensive, or disseminated cases, in disagreement with previous reports. Therefore, the approach of squamous lesions in HIV-positive patients must include a mycological study, in view of the possibility of anergic dermatophytosis, to promote the introduction of a suitable therapeutic agent.

[Standardisation of nursing care amongst patients in prison]. / Estandarización de los cuidados de enfermería en los pacientes ingresados en un centro penitenciario.

OBJECTIVE: To develop the Standardized Nursing Care Process format amongst patients in a prison. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive study, conducted on a sample of thirty patients in Soria Prison between March and June 2011. We collected information via a review of medical records and conducted an interview of nursing assessments using functional patterns. Subsequent nursing diagnoses and interrelated problems were obtained using NANDA taxonomy. The subsequent use of NIC and NOC taxonomy marked the activities and performance criteria for each diagnosis, in the same way as for interrelated problems. RESULTS: The nursing diagnoses found in the patient sample analyzed, and the frequency thereof, reveal peculiarities in terms of the health care needs of the prison population, which makes it possible to standardize nursing care plans for the population under study.

Prospecting and dispersal: their eco-evolutionary dynamics and implications for population patterns.

Dispersal is not a blind process, and evidence is accumulating that individual dispersal strategies are informed in most, if not all, organisms. The acquisition and use of information are traits that may evolve across space and time as a function of the balance between costs and benefits of informed dispersal. If information is available, individuals can potentially use it in making better decisions, thereby increasing their fitness. However, prospecting for and using information probably entail costs that may constrain the evolution of informed dispersal, potentially with population-level consequences. By using individual-based, spatially explicit simulations, we detected clear coevolutionary dynamics between prospecting and dispersal movement strategies that differed in sign and magnitude depending on their respective costs. More specifically, we found that informed dispersal strategies evolve when the costs of information acquisition during prospecting are low but only if there are mortality costs associated with dispersal movements. That is, selection favours informed dispersal strategies when the acquisition and use processes themselves were not too expensive. When non-informed dispersal strategies evolve, they do so jointly with the evolution of long dispersal distance because this maximizes the sampling area. In some cases, selection produces dispersal rules different from those that would be 'optimal' (i.e. the best possible population performance--in our context quantitatively measured as population density and patch occupancy--among all possible individual movement rules) for the population. That is, on the one hand, informed dispersal strategies led to population performance below its highest possible level. On the other hand, un- and poorly informed individuals nearly optimized population performance, both in terms of density and patch occupancy.

In vitro assessment of thyroidal and estrogenic activities in poultry and broiler manure.

Among the many chemicals found in avian manure, endocrine disruptors (EDs), of natural or anthropogenic origin, are of special environmental concern. Nowadays, an increasing amount of estrogens is being released into the environment via the use of manure to fertilize agricultural land. While most research in this field has focused on estrogenic phenomena, little is known about alterations related to other endocrine systems, such as the thyroidal one. Here we simultaneously assessed the potential estrogenic and thyroidal activity of poultry and broiler litter manure using in vitro approaches based on estrogen receptor (Er) and thyroid receptor (Tr) transactivation assays. In addition, leaching experiments were performed to assess whether the EDs present in the manure pass through a soil column and potentially reach the groundwater. Manure from four broiler and four poultry farms was collected in two sampling campaigns carried out in two seasons (fall and spring). Extracts from broiler and poultry manure exhibited strong thyroidal activity. Only poultry manure showed estrogenic activity, which is consistent with the low levels of estrogens expected in hatchlings. Leakage experiments were performed in columns with two kinds of arable soils: sandy and loamy. No estrogenicity or thyroidal activity was detectable in soils treated with the manure or in the corresponding leachates. These results indicate that substances with estrogenic or thyroidal activity were degraded in the soil under our experimental conditions. However, the long-term effects associated with the constant and intensive application of manure to agricultural land in some regions require further research.

Nitric oxide synthase expression in the cerebral cortex of patients with epilepsy.

PURPOSE: Nitric oxide (NO), a short-lived radical synthesized from L-arginine by activation of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has been implicated in the pathophysiology of epilepsy by some investigators. However, the current data about NO and NOS in epilepsy are controversial and are derived only from animal models of epilepsy. In this study we investigated possible changes in NOS expression in the cerebral cortex of patients with epilepsy. METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative parameters of the immunolabeling pattern of the neuronal, endothelial, and inducible isoforms of NOS were analyzed in biopsy material obtained from patients with short and long seizure history and from patients without epilepsy. RESULTS: The comparative study showed that in the cerebral cortex of patients with epilepsy, particularly in those with a long seizure history, the number and labeling intensity of NOS-positive neurons increased, and that a subpopulation of nonpyramidal GABAergic neurons (type II NOS neurons) was responsible for this phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that NOS upregulation is more evident in patients with a long seizure history suggests that this is a consequence of seizures, acting probably as an adaptative response to the sustained release of excitatory amino acids.

Effect of hypertension on the angiotensin II fibres arriving at the posterior lobe of the hypophysis of the rat. An immunohistochemical study.

We studied immunohistochemically the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (PL) of 15-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and of matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), by using our own polyclonal antibody raised in mice against Angiotensin II (mouse-antiangiotensin II, MAAII). The blood pressure, water intake and volume of the PL were also recorded. The SHR rats were hypertensive, drank more water and showed a clear hypertrophy of their hypophysial PL. Also the PL of the SHR animals showed an increase in the immunoreactivity to the anti-angiotensin II antibody in the fibres arriving at the PL, with respect to the PL of WKY rats. This increase is compatible with the hyperactivity of the brain RAS, depletion of vasopressin content in the PL and increase in plasmatic levels of vasopressin described in SHR rats with respect to normotensive animals, as angiotensin II could locally stimulate vasopressin release to plasma from the neurohypophysis.

Effect of hypertension and captopril treatment on the vasopressin in the rat median eminence and posterior lobe of the hypophysis. An immunohistochemical study.

The present study analyses the effects of hypertension and/or its oral treatment with captopril (angiotensine-converting enzyme inhibitor) on the rat median eminence (ME) and the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (PL). After an immunohistochemical reaction using an antibody against arginine-vasopressin, we compared by densitometry the amount of vasopressin immunoreactive material (vasopressin-ir) of these centers in 4 groups of animals: control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), WKY rats treated with captopril (WKY-T) and SHR rats also treated with the same drug (SHR-T). Captopril was administrated at a dosage of 0.1 mg/ml in the drinking water from the 8th to the 15th weeks. We have found that the rats showing the lowest level of vasopressin-ir, in both ME and PL, were those from the SHR group, the concentration increasing after oral captopril treatment (SHR-T), although without reaching the values of WKY rats. Then, ACE inhibition by captopril influences vasopressin content in brain areas where the hormone is concentrated before being released, which supports the hypothesis that suggests a central modulatory effect of ACE inhibitors, contributing to their therapeutic action on hypertension.

Changes in the secretory activity of the subcommissural organ of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a glandular circumventricular organ secreting glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid. The SCO of 15-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and of matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) was studied immunocytochemically by using an antibody against the glycoproteins secreted by the SCO. The blood pressure, water intake and volume of brain ventricles of SHR and WKY rats were also recorded. The SHR were hypertensive, drank more water and did not display dilatation of the brain ventricles. The SCO of the SHR rats showed a drastic decrease of the immunoreactive material stored in the rough endoplasmic reticulum whereas the amount of immunoreactive apical secretory granules did not vary with respect to the SCO of WKY rats. These changes are compatible with an increased secretory activity of the SCO of the SHR rats. It is suggested that the changes in the SCO of SHR rats, and their hypertensive state, are interrelated phenomena.

Effects of alcohol and aging on the cingular (area 24) and frontal (area 6) cortical areas of the mouse.

We have studied the morphometric changes of the neurons of the cingular area 24 and frontal area 6 of the mouse, produced by age and/or chronic alcohol intake. The parameters analyzed were nuclear area of these cortical neurons and cellular density (cell/neuropil coefficient). We detected a decrease in the number of neurons with age in practically all layers of the control animals. In the animals that chronically ingested the alcoholic solution, we also detected a decrease in the number of neurons with age, but only in layer V of the frontal cortex and in layer VI of the cingular area 24. The comparison between the control and the alcoholic group showed that alcohol intake caused an increase in the nuclear area of the neurons in layer II-III of the frontal cortex at 180 days, while in the cingular cortex the increase in nuclear area of its neurons was significative at 180 days in layer II-III and at 35 and 180 days in layers V and VI. We think that these changes are the expression of the neuronal plasticity in both cortical areas in response to the alcohol exposure.

The effects of chronic administration of captopril on the mouse median eminence.

The effects of Captopril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) on the median eminence (ME) of the male albino mouse have been examined using morphometric and immunohistochemical procedures. We measured the nuclear area of the ependymocytes of the ME and of the glial cells of the reticular external zone of the ME. We also determined the cell/neuropil coefficient (CNC), which expresses the relation between cellular area and neuropil of the ME, and the global volume of the ME in each animal. For the immunohistochemical study we used rabbit antiarginine-vasopressin, and compared the results in the different groups of mice. We detected an increased in the immunoreactive material (arginine-vasopressin, A-V) and an increase in the global volume of the organ and also an increase of the neuropil of the ME after the longest exposure to the drug. These alterations could be related to the inhibition of the brain angiotensin II by captopril and the accumulation of vasopressin in the fibrous tract that runs from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to the neurohypophysis.

Alcohol intake effects on the dorsal vagal complex of the rat: a cellular morphometric study.

We have analyzed the morphometric effects on the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of the rat of alcohol exposure and/or hypoproteic diet intake during 8 weeks. In the area postrema (AP), alcohol treatment (combined with normal isoproteic or hypoproteic diet) caused a significant decrease in karyometric parameters. In the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and nucleus tractus solitari (NTS), the alcohol isoproteic intake (AI) produced an increase in neuron size (expressed by an increase in the neuronal nuclear area and the cell/neuropil coefficient). The hypoproteic diets produced a reduction in the global volume of each structure of the DVC which was accompanied by a decrease in global brain volume. These results indicate that after 8 weeks of treatment, alcohol is the main cause of the morphometric alteration found in the DVC, while variations in the amount of protein intake appear to produce global effects on the whole brain.

Effects of chronic alcohol exposure on the morphometric development of medial preoptic area neurons of the male mouse.

We have performed a karyometric study of the medial preoptic area of male mice from mothers that ingested chronically a solution of 20% of ethanol added to the drinking water. Pups then were exposed prenatally to alcohol. After parturition, pups were also exposed to alcohol, first through their mother's milk and after weaning by direct ingestion of the same solution of 20% of alcohol until the day of sacrifice. Animals were sacrificed at the 25th, 35th, 45th, 55th and 100th day and the results compared with those obtained in another group of control animals, sacrificed at the same ages. Chronic alcohol exposure reduces the studied nuclear sizes (perimeter, area and maximum diameter) in adult animals of 100 days of life, but does not produce significative changes in nuclear sizes of younger animals. However, nuclear shape, another of the nuclear parameters analysed, did show significative alterations in relation with the puberal age. These morphometric effects could be due to the reduction of plasmatic testosterone levels produced by alcohol and/or to a direct toxic effect of the alcohol on central nervous system neurons.

Postnatal development of the Ammon's horn (CA1 and CA3 fields). A karyometric and topographic study.

We have performed a karyometric study of the pyramidal neurons of CA1 and CA3 fields of the Ammon's horn, in male mice aged from the 5th to the 190th postnatal day. Nuclear sizes were measured with the aid of a Magiscan Analysis System, used in an interactive form, in both superficial and deep layers of the stratum pyramidal in those fields. The measurements were made at three different topographic levels: rostral; intermediate; and caudal, to detect any possible difference related to the topography of the neuron in the same field. We have found that both CA1 and CA3 fields are correlated in the postnatal development of their nuclear pyramidal sizes and that all topographic levels of the hippocampus reach their highest karyometric sizes at the 10th-15th postnatal day. Caudal levels show higher karyometric values than the other levels and some differences between neurons of the superficial and deep layers of both fields are also described here and analysed in relation to the different ontogenetic gradients of these cells.

Vitamin D3 (soltriol) nuclear receptors in abdominal scent gland and skin of Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) localized by autoradiography and immunohistochemistry.

In vivo autoradiography with [3H]1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D, soltriol) and immunostaining with antibodies to vitamin D receptor were applied to identify specific binding sites in the abdominal scent gland of male Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Nuclear concentration of radiolabeled hormone and receptor antibodies was observed in the corresponding cell types including basal cells of sebaceous glands, cells of the outer hair sheaths and hair bulbs, and also keratinocytes in the epidermis. Cells of the hair dermal papillae and fibroblasts of the dermis did not show nuclear labeling. There was good correspondence between the autoradiographic and immunohistochemical data. The results indicate the presence of receptors for vitamin D-soltriol and suggest a seasonal regulation of scent gland marking activities by this steroid hormone of sunlight in cooperation with the sex steroid testosterone.

The effects of chronic administration of captopril on the mouse subfornical organ and area postrema.

We have studied by morphometric procedures the chronic effect of captopril on the subfornical organ (SFO) and area postrema (AP) of the adult mouse. Oral administration of captopril does not produce any change in the size of individual nuclei of the ependymocytes and neurons in both centers. However, there are other quantitative effects of captopril on the global volume of the SFO and on the neuropil and vascular elements of both the SFO and AP which present a significant increase. It is suggested that this increase is due to metabolic processes at the level of both circumventricular organs.