Non-binary gender, vulnerable populations and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Data from the COVID-19 MEntal health inTernational for the general population (COMET-G) study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant mental health challenges, particularly for vulnerable populations, including non-binary gender individuals. The COMET international study aimed to investigate specific risk factors for clinical depression or distress during the pandemic, also in these special populations. METHODS: Chi-square tests were used for initial screening to select only those variables which would show an initial significance. Risk Ratios (RR) were calculated, and a Multiple Backward Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis (MBSLRA) was followed with those variables given significant results at screening and with the presence of distress or depression or the lack of both of them. RESULTS: The most important risk factors for depression were female (RR = 1.59-5.49) and non-binary gender (RR = 1.56-7.41), unemployment (RR = 1.41-6.57), not working during lockdowns (RR = 1.43-5.79), bad general health (RR = 2.74-9.98), chronic somatic disorder (RR = 1.22-5.57), history of mental disorders (depression RR = 2.31-9.47; suicide attempt RR = 2.33-9.75; psychosis RR = 2.14-10.08; Bipolar disorder RR = 2.75-12.86), smoking status (RR = 1.15-5.31) and substance use (RR = 1.77-8.01). The risk factors for distress or depression that survived MBSLRA were younger age, being widowed, living alone, bad general health, being a carer, chronic somatic disorder, not working during lockdowns, being single, self-reported history of depression, bipolar disorder, self-harm, suicide attempts and of other mental disorders, smoking, alcohol, and substance use. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted preventive interventions are crucial to safeguard the mental health of vulnerable groups, emphasizing the importance of diverse samples in future research. LIMITATIONS: Online data collection may have resulted in the underrepresentation of certain population groups.

Somatic multicomorbidity and disability in patients with psychiatric disorders in comparison to the general population: a quasi-epidemiological investigation in 54,826 subjects from 40 countries (COMET-G study).

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of medical illnesses is high among patients with psychiatric disorders. The current study aimed to investigate multi-comorbidity in patients with psychiatric disorders in comparison to the general population. Secondary aims were to investigate factors associated with metabolic syndrome and treatment appropriateness of mental disorders. METHODS: The sample included 54,826 subjects (64.73% females; 34.15% males; 1.11% nonbinary gender) from 40 countries (COMET-G study). The analysis was based on the registration of previous history that could serve as a fair approximation for the lifetime prevalence of various medical conditions. RESULTS: About 24.5% reported a history of somatic and 26.14% of mental disorders. Mental disorders were by far the most prevalent group of medical conditions. Comorbidity of any somatic with any mental disorder was reported by 8.21%. One-third to almost two-thirds of somatic patients were also suffering from a mental disorder depending on the severity and multicomorbidity. Bipolar and psychotic patients and to a lesser extent depressives, manifested an earlier (15-20 years) manifestation of somatic multicomorbidity, severe disability, and probably earlier death. The overwhelming majority of patients with mental disorders were not receiving treatment or were being treated in a way that was not recommended. Antipsychotics and antidepressants were not related to the development of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that one-third to almost two-thirds of somatic patients also suffered from a mental disorder strongly suggests that psychiatry is the field with the most trans-specialty and interdisciplinary value and application points to the importance of teaching psychiatry and mental health in medical schools and also to the need for more technocratically oriented training of psychiatric residents.

DRESS and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Overlap Secondary to Allopurinol in a 50-Year-Old Man-A Diagnostic and Treatment Challenge: Case Report.

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a drug reaction commonly related to eosinophilia, from uncertain epidemiology, and without consensus for diagnosis and treatment globally. It presents a great challenge in its management and is characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, skin rash, and multisystemic involvement. An aggressive and difficult-to-manage clinical case is presented in a 50-year-old man with chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 and systemic arterial hypertension, who developed an unusual variant similar to DRESS and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) overlap secondary to allopurinol, with skin manifestations without eosinophilia, but fulfilling clinical and laboratory criteria for DRESS and SJS syndrome.

Role of Silver Nitrate Spray for Skin Wound Care in Patients with Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Our Experience in 4 Patients.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are examples of severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs (SCARs) with several international recommendations for global medical management, ranging from pharmacological systemic therapy to skin wound care. There is no defined best management of the skin wounds in SJS/TEN. The care of wounds is essential to initiate re-epithelialization. Our objective is to improve the cicatrization process, avoiding scarring due to deepening of the wounds, as well as prevent infections, achieve pain control, and avoid loss of serum proteins, fluids, and electrolytes. In this retrospective case series, we highlight the value of systemic therapy and the use of silver nitrate for wound management in four patients with TEN.

Prehospital care process and hospital outcomes in stroke-code cases: comparison of basic and advance life support ambulance attendance. / Proceso de atención prehospitalaria y resultados hospitalarios del código ictus: estudio comparativo entre unidades de soporte vital básico y avanzado.

OBJECTIVES: To study prehospital care process in relation to hospital outcomes in stroke-code cases first attended by 2 different levels of ambulance. To analyze factors associated with a satisfactory functional outcome at 3 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective multicenter observational cohort study. All stroke-code cases attended by prehospital emergency services from January 2016 to April 2022 were included. Prehospital and hospital variables were collected. The classificatory variable was type of ambulance attending (basic vs advanced life support). The main outcome variables were mortality and functional status after ischemic strokes in patients who underwent reperfusion treatment 90 days after the ischemic episode. RESULTS: Out of 22 968 stroke-code activations, ischemic stroke was diagnosed in 12 467 patients (54.3%) whose functional status was good before the episode. Basic ambulances attended 93.1%; an advanced ambulance was ordered in 1.6% of the patients. Even though there were differences in patient and clinical characteristics recorded during the prehospital process, type of ambulance was not independently associated with mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.1; 95% CI, 0.77-1.59) or functional status at 3 months (aOR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0,72-1,47). CONCLUSION: The percentage of patient complications in stroke-code cases attended by basic ambulance teams is low. Type of ambulance responding was not associated with either mortality or functional outcome at 3 months in this study.

OBJETIVO: Comparar el proceso asistencial prehospitalario y los resultados hospitalarios de los pacientes categorizados como Código Ictus (CI) en función del tipo de ambulancia que realiza la primera valoración, y analizar los factores asociados con un buen resultado funcional y la mortalidad a los 3 meses. METODO: Estudio observacional de cohortes prospectivo multicéntrico. Incluyó todos los CI atendidos por un sistema de emergencias prehospitalario desde enero del 2016 a abril del 2022. Se recogieron variables prehospitalarias y hospitalarias. La variable de clasificación fue el tipo de ambulancia que asiste el CI: unidad de soporte vital básico (USVB) o avanzado (USVA). Las variables de resultado principal fueron la mortalidad y el estado funcional de los ictus isquémicos sometidos a tratamiento de reperfusión a los 90 días del episodio. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 22.968 pacientes, de los cuales 12.467 (54,3%) presentaron un ictus isquémico con un buen estado funcional previo. El 93,1% fueron asistidos por USVB y se solicitó una USVA en el 1,6% de los casos. A pesar de presentar diferencias en el perfil clínico del paciente atendido y en los tiempos del proceso CI prehospitalario, el tipo de unidad no mostró una asociación independiente con la mortalidad (OR ajustada 1,1; IC 95%: 0,77- 1,59) ni con el estado funcional a los 3 meses (OR ajustada 1,05; IC 95%: 0,72-1,47). CONCLUSIONES: El porcentaje de complicaciones de los pacientes con CI atendidos por USVB es bajo. El tipo de unidad que asistió al paciente inicialmente no se asoció ni con el resultado funcional ni con la mortalidad a los 3 meses.

Proceso de atención prehospitalaria y resultados hospitalarios del código ictus: estudio comparativo entre unidades de soporte vital básico y avanzado / Prehospital care process and hospital outcomes in stroke-code cases: comparison of basic and advance life support ambulance attendance

Objetivos: Comparar el proceso asistencial prehospitalario y los resultados hospitalarios de los pacientes categorizados como Código Ictus (CI) en función del tipo de ambulancia que realiza la primera valoración, y analizar los factores asociados con un buen resultado funcional y la mortalidad a los 3 meses. Método: Estudio observacional de cohortes prospectivo multicéntrico. Incluyó todos los CI atendidos por un sistema de emergencias prehospitalario desde enero del 2016 a abril del 2022. Se recogieron variables prehospitalarias y hospitalarias. La variable de clasificación fue el tipo de ambulancia que asiste el CI: unidad de soporte vital básico (USVB) o avanzado (USVA). Las variables de resultado principal fueron la mortalidad y el estado funcional de los ictus isquémicos sometidos a tratamiento de reperfusión a los 90 días del episodio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 22.968 pacientes, de los cuales 12.467 (54,3%) presentaron un ictus isquémico con un buen estado funcional previo. El 93,1% fueron asistidos por USVB y se solicitó una USVA en el 1,6% de los casos. A pesar de presentar diferencias en el perfil clínico del paciente atendido y en los tiempos del proceso CI prehospitalario, el tipo de unidad no mostró una asociación independiente con la mortalidad (OR ajustada 1,1; IC 95%: 0,77-1,59) ni con el estado funcional a los 3 meses (OR ajustada 1,05; IC 95%: 0,72-1,47). Conclusiones: El porcentaje de complicaciones de los pacientes con CI atendidos por USVB es bajo. El tipo de unidad que asistió al paciente inicialmente no se asoció ni con el resultado funcional ni con la mortalidad a los 3 meses. (AU)

Objectives: To study prehospital care process in relation to hospital outcomes in stroke-code cases first attended by 2 different levels of ambulance. To analyze factors associated with a satisfactory functional outcome at 3 months. Methods: Prospective multicenter observational cohort study. All stroke-code cases attended by prehospital emergency services from January 2016 to April 2022 were included. Prehospital and hospital variables were collected. The classificatory variable was type of ambulance attending (basic vs advanced life support). The main outcome variables were mortality and functional status after ischemic strokes in patients who underwent reperfusion treatment 90 days after the ischemic episode. Results: Out of 22 968 stroke-code activations, ischemic stroke was diagnosed in 12 467 patients (54.3%) whose functional status was good before the episode. Basic ambulances attended 93.1%; an advanced ambulance was ordered in 1.6% of the patients. Even though there were differences in patient and clinical characteristics recorded during the prehospital process, type of ambulance was not independently associated with mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.1; 95% CI, 0.77-1.59) or functional status at 3 months (aOR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0,72-1,47). Conclusions: The percentage of patient complications in stroke-code cases attended by basic ambulance teams is low. Type of ambulance responding was not associated with either mortality or functional outcome at 3 months in this study. (AU)

Results of the COVID-19 mental health international for the health professionals (COMET-HP) study: depression, suicidal tendencies and conspiracism.

INTRODUCTION: The current study aimed to investigate the rates of anxiety, clinical depression, and suicidality and their changes in health professionals during the COVID-19 outbreak. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data came from the larger COMET-G study. The study sample includes 12,792 health professionals from 40 countries (62.40% women aged 39.76 ± 11.70; 36.81% men aged 35.91 ± 11.00 and 0.78% non-binary gender aged 35.15 ± 13.03). Distress and clinical depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm, respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square tests, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analyses, and Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested relations among variables. RESULTS: Clinical depression was detected in 13.16% with male doctors and 'non-binary genders' having the lowest rates (7.89 and 5.88% respectively) and 'non-binary gender' nurses and administrative staff had the highest (37.50%); distress was present in 15.19%. A significant percentage reported a deterioration in mental state, family dynamics, and everyday lifestyle. Persons with a history of mental disorders had higher rates of current depression (24.64% vs. 9.62%; p < 0.0001). Suicidal tendencies were at least doubled in terms of RASS scores. Approximately one-third of participants were accepting (at least to a moderate degree) a non-bizarre conspiracy. The highest Relative Risk (RR) to develop clinical depression was associated with a history of Bipolar disorder (RR = 4.23). CONCLUSIONS: The current study reported findings in health care professionals similar in magnitude and quality to those reported earlier in the general population although rates of clinical depression, suicidal tendencies, and adherence to conspiracy theories were much lower. However, the general model of factors interplay seems to be the same and this could be of practical utility since many of these factors are modifiable.

Monitoring tert-Butylhydroquinone Content and Its Effect on a Biolubricant during Oxidation.

The use of biolubricants as a replacement for petroleum-based products is becoming more and more important, due to the current global energy and crude oil scenario. Thus, the production of biolubricants (which could take place in biorefineries) should be as efficient as possible, obtaining high-quality products with suitable viscosity or oxidation stability values to compete with oil refineries. One of the ways to produce biolubricants is through double transesterification from vegetable oils, where the role of catalysts (usually homogeneous) is vital, as they can improve the yield of the process. However, they should be removed after the chemical reaction, which is difficult once the biolubricant is obtained. Otherwise, they could act as catalysts during oxidation, contributing to a further decrease in oxidation stability and provoking significant changes. To avoid this, antioxidant addition could be an interesting choice. The aim of this work was to assess TBHQ addition in frying oil biolubricants, monitoring properties such as viscosity, acid number, absorbance or TBHQ content (through voltammetry) during oxidation. TBHQ addition (2114 mg·L-1) kept the main quality parameters during oxidation compared to control samples. In contrast, TBHQ content decreased during oxidation (to 160 mg·L-1), which proved its antioxidant effect.

The effect of different degrees of lockdown and self-identified gender on anxiety, depression and suicidality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Data from the international COMET-G study.

INTRODUCTION: During the COVID-19 pandemic various degrees of lockdown were applied by countries around the world. It is considered that such measures have an adverse effect on mental health but the relationship of measure intensity with the mental health effect has not been thoroughly studied. Here we report data from the larger COMET-G study pertaining to this question. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, data were gathered with an online questionnaire from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Anxiety was measured with the STAI, depression with the CES-D and suicidality with the RASS. Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: It included the calculation of Relative Risk (RR), Factorial ANOVA and Multiple backwards stepwise linear regression analysis RESULTS: Approximately two-thirds were currently living under significant restrictions due to lockdown. For both males and females the risk to develop clinical depression correlated significantly with each and every level of increasing lockdown degree (RR 1.72 and 1.90 respectively). The combined lockdown and psychiatric history increased RR to 6.88 The overall relationship of lockdown with severity of depression, though significant was small. CONCLUSIONS: The current study is the first which reports an almost linear relationship between lockdown degree and effect in mental health. Our findings, support previous suggestions concerning the need for a proactive targeted intervention to protect mental health more specifically in vulnerable groups.

Silent speech of vowels in persons of different cognitive styles / Habla silenciosa de las vocales en personas de diferente estilo cognitivo

Abstract Introduction: This research measures the differences in silent speech of the vowels / a / - / u / in Spanish, in students with different cognitive styles in the Field Dependence - Independence (FDI) dimension. Method: Fifty-one (51) adults participated in the study. Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were taken from 14 electrodes placed on the scalp in the language region located in the left hemisphere. Previously, the embedded figures test (EFT) was applied in order to classify them into dependent, intermediate and field independent persons. To analyse the EEG data, the signals were decomposed into intrinsic mode functions (IMF) and a mixed repeated measures analysis was performed. Results: It was found that the Power Spectral Density (PSD) in the vowels is independent of the cognitive style and its magnitude depends on the position of the electrodes. Conclusions: The results suggest that there are no significant differences in PSDs in the silent speech of vowels /a/-/u/ in persons of different cognitive styles. Significant differences were found in the PSDs according to the position of the 14 electrodes used. In our configuration, the silent speech of vowels can be studied using electrodes placed in premotor, motor and Wernicke areas.

Resumen Introducción: La investigación mide las diferencias en el habla silenciosa de las vocales /a/-/u/ en español, en estudiantes de diferente estilo cognitivo en la dimensión Dependencia - Independencia de campo (DIC). Método: En el estudio participaron 51 adultos. Se tomaron señales electroencefalográficas (EEG), a partir de 14 electrodos dispuestos sobre el cuero cabelludo de la región del lenguaje ubicada en el hemisferio izquierdo. Previamente les fue aplicado el test de figuras enmascaradas EFT con el fin de clasificarlos en personas dependientes, intermedios e independientes de campo. Para analizar los datos del EEG se descompusieron las señales en funciones de modo intrínseco (IMF) y se realizó un análisis mixto de medidas repetidas. Resultados: Se halló que la densidad espectral de potencia (PSD) en las vocales es independiente del estilo cognitivo y su magnitud depende de la posición de los electrodos. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que no existen diferencias significativas en los PSD en el habla silenciosa de las vocales /a/-/u/ en las personas de diferente estilo cognitivo. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en los PSD de acuerdo con la posición de los 14 electrodos utilizados. En nuestra configuración, el habla silenciosa de las vocales puede ser estudiada mediante electrodos situados en las áreas premotora, motora y de Wernicke.

Nursing professor as being-cared for in the professor-student relationship.

OBJECTIVE: to understand the meaning of professor as being-cared for that is manifested in the nursing professor-student relationship. METHOD: a qualitative phenomenological study, using Martin Heidegger's philosophical framework. It was carried out at a public university in Mexico. The phenomenological interview was used as a data collection method. An ontic analysis and a second analysis were carried out through Martin Heidegger's Hermeneutic circle. RESULTS: within the interviews, 5 main themes were discovered, which were classified as: Care of physical needs, occupation as care; Nursing care teaching; Monitoring and coexisting with professors; Encouraging reflection on care towards authenticity; Students as a person, coexistence and existence of care. CONCLUSION: nursing professors, in addition to being the one who provides students with necessary knowledge for training nursing professionals, share aspects that involve more than science itself. Professors become a collaborator who hopes to contribute to nursing students' deepest aspects, impacting their academic training favorably.

Results of the COVID-19 mental health international for the general population (COMET-G) study.

INTRODUCTION: There are few published empirical data on the effects of COVID-19 on mental health, and until now, there is no large international study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, an online questionnaire gathered data from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square tests, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analyses and Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested relations among variables. RESULTS: Probable depression was detected in 17.80% and distress in 16.71%. A significant percentage reported a deterioration in mental state, family dynamics and everyday lifestyle. Persons with a history of mental disorders had higher rates of current depression (31.82% vs. 13.07%). At least half of participants were accepting (at least to a moderate degree) a non-bizarre conspiracy. The highest Relative Risk (RR) to develop depression was associated with history of Bipolar disorder and self-harm/attempts (RR = 5.88). Suicidality was not increased in persons without a history of any mental disorder. Based on these results a model was developed. CONCLUSIONS: The final model revealed multiple vulnerabilities and an interplay leading from simple anxiety to probable depression and suicidality through distress. This could be of practical utility since many of these factors are modifiable. Future research and interventions should specifically focus on them.

Nursing professor as being-cared for in the professor-student relationship / O professor de enfermagem como ser-cuidado na relação professor-aluno de enfermagem / El profesor de enfermería como ser-cuidado en la relación profesor-estudiante de enfermería

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the meaning of professor as being-cared for that is manifested in the nursing professor-student relationship. Method: a qualitative phenomenological study, using Martin Heidegger's philosophical framework. It was carried out at a public university in Mexico. The phenomenological interview was used as a data collection method. An ontic analysis and a second analysis were carried out through Martin Heidegger's Hermeneutic circle. Results: within the interviews, 5 main themes were discovered, which were classified as: Care of physical needs, occupation as care; Nursing care teaching; Monitoring and coexisting with professors; Encouraging reflection on care towards authenticity; Students as a person, coexistence and existence of care. Conclusion: nursing professors, in addition to being the one who provides students with necessary knowledge for training nursing professionals, share aspects that involve more than science itself. Professors become a collaborator who hopes to contribute to nursing students' deepest aspects, impacting their academic training favorably.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender o significado do professor como ser-cuidado que se manifesta na relação professor-enfermeiro-aluno. Método: estudo fenomenológico qualitativo, usando o referencial filosófico de Martin Heidegger. Foi realizado em uma universidade pública no México. A entrevista fenomenológica foi utilizada como método de coleta de dados. Foi realizada uma análise ôntica e uma segunda análise, através do círculo hermenêutico de Martin Heidegger. Resultados: dentro das entrevistas, foi feita a descoberta de 5 temas principais, que foram classificados como: Cuidar das necessidades físicas, ocupação como cuidado; Ensino do cuidado de enfermagem; Acompanhamento, coexistência do professor; Incentivar a reflexão do cuidado para a autenticidade; e O aluno como pessoa, a convivência e a existência do cuidado. Conclusão: o docente de enfermagem, além de ser aquele que proporciona aos alunos os conhecimentos necessários para a formação dos profissionais de enfermagem, compartilha aspectos que envolvem mais do que a própria ciência. O professor torna-se um colaborador que espera contribuir com os aspectos mais profundos do estudante de enfermagem, impactando de forma favorável em sua formação acadêmica.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender el significado del profesor como ser-cuidado que se manifiesta en la relación profesor-estudiante de enfermería. Método: estudio cualitativo fenomenológico, utilizando a Martin Heidegger como referencial filosófico. Se llevó a cabo en una universidad pública de México. Se utilizó la entrevista fenomenológica como método de recolección de datos. Se realizaron un análisis óntico y un segundo análisis a través del círculo Hermenéutico de Martin Heidegger. Resultados: dentro de las entrevistas, se realizó el hallazgo de 5 temas principales, los cuales se clasificaron en: Cuidado de las necesidades físicas, la ocupación como cuidado; Enseñanza del cuidado de enfermería; Acompañamiento, coestar del profesor; Fomentar la reflexión del cuidado hacia la autenticidad; y El estudiante como persona, el coexistir y la existencia del cuidado. Conclusión: el profesor de enfermería, además de ser quien provee a los estudiantes con el conocimiento necesario para la formación de profesionales de enfermería, comparte aspectos que involucran más que la propia ciencia. El docente se convierte en un colaborador que espera aportar en los aspectos más profundos del estudiante enfermería, impactando en su formación académica de forma favorable.

Significado de la espiritualidad en la vivencia del adulto mayor hospitalizado / Meaning of Spirituality in the Experience of the Hospitalized Elderly

Introducción: La espiritualidad es un fenómeno que otorga un sentido a cada momento del ser humano, al mismo tiempo brinda un significado hacia su persona. Durante la enfermedad se puede presentar crisis del significado de la vida espiritual al enfrentar no solo a esta, sino al ambiente hospitalario. El adulto mayor al tener una conexión mayor con la espiritualidad la vive de manera peculiar. Objetivo: Comprender el significado de la espiritualidad en la vivencia del adulto mayor hospitalizado. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico interpretativo, basado en la fenomenología del fenómeno situado. Se llevó a cabo en un Hospital de Segundo Nivel de Guanajuato, en el periodo de marzo 2019 a febrero 2020. Los criterios de selección fueron adultos mayores de 60 años, que tuviesen al menos 48 horas de hospitalización, con capacidad de comunicación verbal. El muestreo fue intencional con 11 adultos mayores considerando el criterio de saturación de información. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la entrevista fenomenológica. Resultados: Se pudo apreciar el significado de espiritualidad/ religiosidad, la espiritualidad en las prácticas religiosas vividas, impedimentos para la vida religiosa y espiritual, la enfermedad como una prueba y el sentido de la espiritualidad y lo divino como sentido de vida y sanación. Conclusiones: La espiritualidad para los adultos mayores es una fuente de apoyo que brinda la capacidad para enfrentar la hospitalización, así como las problemáticas a las que ellos hacen frente en el medio hospitalario. Los adultos mayores otorgan un sentido a lo vivido y buscan los caminos para experimentarla(AU)

Introduction: Spirituality is a phenomenon that gives meaning to every moment of the human being, at the same time it provides a meaning to his own person. During illness, a crisis of the meaning of spiritual life can occur when facing not only the illness, but the hospital environment as well. The older adult has greater connection with spirituality, living it in a peculiar way. Objective: To understand the meaning of spirituality in the experience of the hospitalized elderly. Methods: this was an interpretive phenomenological qualitative study, based on the phenomenology of the situated phenomenon. It was carried out in a Second Level Hospital in Guanajuato, from March 2019 to February 2020. The selection criteria were adults older than 60, who had at least 48 hours of hospitalization, with verbal communication skills. The sampling was intentional with 11 older adults considering the information saturation criterion. The phenomenological interview was used for data collection. Results: It was possible to appreciate the meaning of spirituality / religiosity, spirituality in their lived religious practices, impediments to religious and spiritual life, illness as a test and the sense of spirituality and the divine as a sense of life and healing. Conclusions: Spirituality for the elderly is a source of support that provides the capacity to face hospitalization, as well as the problems they face in the hospital environment. Older adults give meaning to what they have experienced and seek ways to experience spirituality(AU)

Aproximación a la enseñanza del cuidado de enfermería en el aula / An Approach to Teaching Nursing Care in the Classroom

Introducción: El profesor de enfermería es un elemento esencial en la enseñanza, no solo en la transmisión de conocimiento, sino que desde una relación pedagógica con el estudiante dinamiza el enseñar el cuidado. Objetivo: Analizar la enseñanza del cuidado en el aula por el profesor de enfermería. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico, en una universidad pública de Guanajuato, México de marzo 2019 a enero 2020, con profesores de enfermería. Se realizaron diez entrevistas fenomenológicas, se cuidaron principios éticos y se realizó análisis mediante el Círculo hermenéutico de Heidegger, alcanzando para este artículo la precomprensión o aproximación óntica. Resultados: Surgió un tema central: Enseñanza del cuidado de enfermería, con tres subtemas: Estrategias de enseñanza, Ambiente de aprendizaje y Reflexión pedagógica del cuidado de enfermería. Conclusiones: La relación pedagógica es el cuidado y se centra en crear ambientes para vivir este cuidado a través de su dinamismo y la incorporación de estrategias que lo fomentan(AU)

Introduction: The Nursing professor is an essential element in teaching, not only in the transmission of knowledge, but also because, based on a pedagogical relationship with the student, the Nursing professor stimulates the teaching of care. Objective: To understand the teaching of care in the classroom by the Nursing teacher. Methods: Qualitative and phenomenological study carried out, from March 2019 to January 2020, with Nursing professors from a public university in Guanajuato, Mexico. Ten phenomenological interviews were carried out; ethical principles were observed and the analysis was performed using Heidegger's hermeneutic circle, reaching, for this article, the pre-understanding or ontic approach. Results: A central topic emerged (teaching of nursing care), with three sub-topics: teaching strategies, learning environment and pedagogical reflection about nursing care. Conclusions: The pedagogical relationship is care, focused on creating environments to experience this care through its dynamism and the incorporation of strategies that promote it(AU)