[Feminization of urology and glass ceiling: Survey of women urologists in France]. / Féminisation de l'urologie et plafond de verre : enquête auprès des femmes urologues en France.

INTRODUCTION: Urology has long remained the least feminized specialty. The objective of this study was to assess the demographic characteristics of female urologists and their feelings in terms of discrimination. MATERIAL: The survey consisted of a questionnaire of 12 questions, sent by mailing to all female urologists, a first time in May 2016 (n=84), then a second time in January 2020 (n=98). The anonymized answers were analyzed and compared in order to assess the evolution over the last 4 years. The participation rate was 46.4% in 2016 (n=39 respondents) and 50% in 2020 (n=49 respondents). RESULTS: The majority of women worked full time (73.5%), with a hospital (38.8%), liberal (46.9%) or mixed (14.3%) activity. Their main theme was women's urology (57.1%). In 2020, 59.2% of respondents had encountered difficulties related to their status as women during their career and 28.1% difficulties related to motherhood. Female urologists in private practice were significantly less concerned than their counterparts with hospital or mixed activity (43.5% versus 73.1%, P=0.035). Women felt that they were underrepresented in association committees at 95.9% (vs. 82.1% in 2016) and in university positions at 79.6% (vs. 89.7% in 2016). Finally, 91.8% were in favor of the creation of an association of women urologists (vs. 53.8% in 2016). CONCLUSION: Women urologists may encounter difficulties related to their status as women during their professional career. Between 2016 and 2020, there is an increase in the feeling of under-representation within association committees and an increase in the need to federate. NIVEAU DE PREUVE: III, étude rétrospective cas-témoins.

[Role of percutaneous arterial embolization in renal pathology]. / Place de l'embolisation artérielle percutanée en pathologie rénale.

Therapeutic embolization in renal pathology is used for various conditions in cancerology, traumatology, urology, nephrology and for iatrogenic complications of percutaneous manoeuvers. Any department of vascular radiology may be requested to use this technique, especially in emergent traumatology or palliative cancerology. The authors study the various conditions that may benefit from these procedures and give the highlights of the main indications and the main types of embolic agents used. Complications, side effects and the major precautions are also reviewed.

[Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: main imaging features]. / La pyélonéphrite xanthogranulomateuse: principaux aspects en imagerie.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare form of chronic pyelonephritis, which frequently has a pseudotumoral appearance, as a result of which differential diagnosis with malignant renal neoplasia is difficult, especially as there are no specific signs of this lesion. The aim of this article is to notice the various histological, clinical and radiological characteristics, and the different modalities of diagnostic and treatment of this affection.