Subject(s)
Betaine/analogs & derivatives , Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Carnitine/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Animals , Betaine/chemical synthesis , Betaine/chemistry , Betaine/therapeutic use , Binding Sites , Carnitine/chemical synthesis , Carnitine/therapeutic use , Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase/metabolism , Computer Simulation , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemical synthesis , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Mice , RatsABSTRACT
Clofibrate is a lipid-profile modifying agent belonging to the fibrate class of drugs. Fibrates are known to exhibit their beneficial effects by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) and used in the treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis and for the prevention of heart failure. Hereby, the preparation of two new sets of clofibrate analogues, ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-oxoalkanoates and ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-hydroxyalkanoates is described starting from commercially available 3-oxoalkanoates in fair to good yields. Treatment of 3-oxoalkanoates with SO2Cl2 yielded the corresponding 2-chloro-3-oxoalkanoates, that were then converted into 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-oxoalkanoates by reacting with sodium or caesium 4-chlorophenate. Reduction of the keto group with NaBH4 afforded the corresponding 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-hydroxyalkanoates in very high yields and with variable diastereoselectivity. Biological evaluation of the compounds was performed by a transactivation assay in a transiently transfected monkey kidney fibroblast cell line. The newly synthesised clofibrate analogues failed to show noticeable levels of PPAR activation at concentrations where clofibrate showed an evident activity, suggesting that the structural modifications caused the loss of PPAR activity.
Subject(s)
Clofibrate/chemical synthesis , Esters/chemical synthesis , Hypolipidemic Agents/chemical synthesis , PPAR alpha/agonists , Transcription Factors/drug effects , Animals , Cell Line , Clofibrate/analogs & derivatives , Clofibrate/pharmacology , Esters/pharmacology , Fibroblasts/cytology , Haplorhini , Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology , Kidney/cytology , Models, Chemical , Stereoisomerism , Transcription Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
The synthesis and pharmacological activity of reversible CPT I inhibitors as potential antiketotic and antidiabetic drugs are reported. Such inhibitors constitute a series of enantiomerically pure aminocarnitine derivatives having the general formula (CH3)3N+CH2CH(ZR)CH2COO- (with Z = ureido, carbamate, sulfonamide, and sulfamide moieties; R = C7-C14 linear alkyl chains). A primary pharmacological screening based on the evaluation of CPT I activity in intact rat liver (L-CPT I) mitochondria revealed the best activity for the (R) forms of ureidic derivative 17 (ZR = NHCONHR, R = C14), sulfonamidic derivative 7 (ZR = NHSO2R, R = C12), and sulfamidic derivative 9 (ZR = NHSO2NHR, R = C11). The IC50 values are 1.1, 0.7, and 0.8 microM, respectively. For the carbamic derivative 11 (ZR = NHCOOR, R = C8), an IC50 of 9.5 microM was observed. In addition, an extraordinarily high selectivity toward the liver isoform with respect to the heart isoform (muscle-CPT I identical with M-CPT I) was found for the ureidic compound 17 (IC50(M-CPT I) vs IC50(L-CPTI) = 39.4), as well as for other ureidic or carbamic compounds. Diabetic db/db mice treated orally with 17 and 7 for 45 days at a dose of 50 mg/kg twice a day showed a good reduction of serum glucose levels with respect to the untreated db/db mice (p < 0.01). In addition, 17 showed antiketotic activity in normal fasted rats. 17 has been selected for development as a potential antiketotic and antidiabetic drug.
