'Choroid bar': easy-to-seek marker of normal posterior fossa at 12-14 weeks' gestation.

OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were: (1) to assess the visualization rate of the choroid bar in a consecutive series of 306 first-trimester scans; (2) to verify, in this cohort of fetuses, the normality of the posterior fossa later in pregnancy; and (3) to confirm the non-visualization of the choroid bar in a retrospective series of fetuses with posterior fossa malformations. METHODS: This study included a prospective and a retrospective series. The former comprised 306 fetuses undergoing routine obstetric ultrasound at our unit in both the first and second trimesters over a 6-month period, while the latter comprised 12 cases of posterior fossa malformations. In the prospective study, the presence of the choroid bar, which is defined as a visually continuous, homogeneously hyperechogenic, thick structure bridging the cisterna magna from side to side, was evaluated at the end of the first-trimester nuchal translucency scan. In the retrospective study, previously acquired three-dimensional volume datasets were processed in order to assess whether the choroid bar could be visualized in cases of open spinal dysraphisms and vermian cystic anomalies. In the prospective study, confirmation of a normal posterior fossa was based on the sonographic features of this anatomical region at the time of the second-trimester anomaly scan at 19-21 weeks' gestation, while, in the retrospective study, it was based on autopsy results, when available, or further direct imaging of the defect later in pregnancy. RESULTS: In the prospective study, the choroid bar could be visualized in all 306 fetuses, on transabdominal ultrasound in 287 (93.8%) cases and on transvaginal ultrasound in 19 (6.2%) cases. The choroid bar was displayed with a ventral/dorsal approach in 67 (21.9%) cases, with a lateral approach in 56 (18.3%) cases and with both in 183 (59.8%) cases. All 306 cases were confirmed to have a sonographically normal posterior fossa at 19-21 weeks. On the other hand, in the retrospective study, it was not possible to visualize the choroid bar in any of the fetuses with posterior fossa malformations. CONCLUSIONS: We have described a new sign, the choroid bar, consistent with a normal posterior fossa at 12-14 weeks' gestation. The choroid bar provides the option of screening for major abnormalities of the posterior fossa, since its absence raises suspicion of both open spinal dysraphisms and posterior fossa cystic malformations. At the same time, it is easy to visualize, as it can be seen with all lines of insonation. © 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

PENG block associated with dexmedetomidine sedation for intramedullary femoral fixation in high-risk elderly patients: a case series and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Hip fracture is a major cause of hospitalization among the elderly population. The standard surgical treatment involves early repair to reduce mortality and morbidity. One type of treatment in the case of intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures is intramedullary nailing, as it decreases soft tissue damage and permits early weight bearing. The most common anesthesia technique combines spinal anesthesia with a peripheral block. In cases where spinal anesthesia is contraindicated, general anesthesia is preferred. However, both techniques can lead to significant complications, especially in patients with multiple comorbidities. Pain management after hip surgery, particularly in elderly and frail individuals, poses a challenge. The pericapsular nerve group block (PENG) targets the innervation of the anterior portion of the hip joint and is increasingly used for pain management related to hip surgery. CASE SERIES: This paper presents a case series of three elderly patients who underwent pericapsular nerve group block (PENG) block combined with dexmedetomidine sedation for intramedullary femoral fixation. CONCLUSIONS: The PENG block can be effectively used as the sole anesthetic technique for managing elderly patients undergoing intramedullary femoral fixation while on antiplatelet drugs. This procedure effectively controlled pain during both the surgical and postoperative periods. The addition of dexmedetomidine for sedation enables comfortable and safe procedures, minimizing the risk of perioperative neurocognitive dysfunctions and without adverse effects on cardiorespiratory function.

Wave Function and Density Functional Theory Studies of Dihydrogen Complexes.

We performed a benchmark study on a series of dihydrogen bond complexes and constructed a set of reference bond distances and interaction energies. The test set was employed to assess the performance of several wave function correlated and density functional theory methods. We found that second-order correlation methods describe relatively well the dihydrogen complexes. However, for high accuracy inclusion of triple contributions is important. On the other hand, none of the considered density functional methods can simultaneously yield accurate bond lengths and interaction energies. However, we found that improved results can be obtained by the inclusion of nonlocal exchange contributions.

A periodic charge-dipole electrostatic model. II. A kinetic-exchange-correlation correction.

We extend the periodic charge-dipole electrostatic model, see I. V. Bodrenko, M. Sierka, E. Fabiano, and F. Della Sala, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 134702 (2012), to include a kinetic-exchange-correlation (KXC) correction. The KXC correction is approximated by means of an extended-Hückel-type formula, it is exact in the infinite jellium model and it is also computationally efficient as it requires only the computation of overlap integrals. Tests on the linear response of silver slabs to an external electrostatic perturbation show that the KXC correction yields a very accurate description of induced dipole and of the whole induced charge density profile. We also show that the KXC parameters are quite transferable and related to the atomic polarizability.

Semilocal and hybrid density embedding calculations of ground-state charge-transfer complexes.

We apply the frozen density embedding method, using a full relaxation of embedded densities through a freeze-and-thaw procedure, to study the electronic structure of several benchmark ground-state charge-transfer complexes, in order to assess the merits and limitations of the approach for this class of systems. The calculations are performed using both semilocal and hybrid exchange-correlation (XC) functionals. The results show that embedding calculations using semilocal XC functionals yield rather large deviations with respect to the corresponding supermolecular calculations. Due to a large error cancellation effect, however, they can often provide a relatively good description of the electronic structure of charge-transfer complexes, in contrast to supermolecular calculations performed at the same level of theory. On the contrary, when hybrid XC functionals are employed, both embedding and supermolecular calculations agree very well with each other and with the reference benchmark results. In conclusion, for the study of ground-state charge-transfer complexes via embedding calculations hybrid XC functionals are the method of choice due to their higher reliability and superior performance.

Meta-GGA Exchange-Correlation Functional with a Balanced Treatment of Nonlocality.

We construct a meta-generalized-gradient approximation which properly balances the nonlocality contributions to the exchange and correlation at the semilocal level. This nonempirical functional shows good accuracy for a broad palette of properties (thermochemistry, structural properties) and systems (molecules, metal clusters, surfaces, and bulk solids). The accuracy for several well-known problems in electronic structure calculations, such as the bending potential of the silver trimer and the dimensional crossover of anionic gold clusters, is also demonstrated. The inclusion of empirical dispersion corrections is finally discussed and analyzed.

A periodic charge-dipole electrostatic model: parametrization for silver slabs.

We present an extension of the charge-dipole model for the description of periodic systems. This periodic charge-dipole electrostatic model (PCDEM) allows one to describe the linear response of periodic structures in terms of charge- and dipole-type gaussian basis functions. The long-range electrostatic interaction is efficiently described by means of the continuous fast multipole method. As a first application, the PCDEM method is applied to describe the polarizability of silver slabs. We find that for a correct description of the polarizability of the slabs both charges and dipoles are required. However a continuum set of parametrizations, i.e., different values of the width of charge- and dipole-type gaussians, leads to an equivalent and accurate description of the slabs polarizability but a completely unphysical description of induced charge-density inside the slab. We introduced the integral squared density measure which allows one to obtain a unique parametrization which accurately describes both the polarizability and the induced density profile inside the slab. Finally the limits of the electrostatic approximations are also pointed out.

On the accuracy of frozen density embedding calculations with hybrid and orbital-dependent functionals for non-bonded interaction energies.

We analyze the accuracy of the frozen density embedding (FDE) method, with hybrid and orbital-dependent exchange-correlation functionals, for the calculation of the total interaction energies of weakly interacting systems. Our investigation is motivated by the fact that these approaches require, in addition to the non-additive kinetic energy approximation, also approximate non-additive exact-exchange energies. Despite this further approximation, we find that the hybrid/orbital-dependent FDE approaches can reproduce the total energies with the same accuracy (about 1 mHa) as the one of conventional semi-local functionals. In many cases, thanks to error cancellation effects, hybrid/orbital-dependent approaches yield even the smallest error. A detailed energy-decomposition investigation is presented. Finally, the Becke-exchange functional is found to reproduce accurately the non-additive exact-exchange energies also for non-equilibrium geometries. These performances are rationalized in terms of a reduced-gradient decomposition of the non-additive exchange energy.

Electrostatic-field-driven alignment of organic oligomers on ZnO surfaces.

We study the physisorption of organic oligomers on the strongly ionic ZnO(1010) surface by using first-principles density-functional theory and nonempirical embedding methods. It turns out that the in-plane variation of the molecule-substrate interaction energy and the bonding dipole in the vertical direction are linked up by a linear relationship originating from the electrostatic coupling of the molecule with the periodic dipolar electric field generated by the Zn-O surface dimers. Long oligomers with a highly axial π-electron system such as sexiphenyl become well oriented with alignment energies of several 100 meV along rows of a positive electric field, in full agreement with recent experiments. These findings define a new route towards the realization of highly ordered self-assembled arrays of oligomers or polymers on ZnO(1010) and similar surfaces.

Semiclassical neutral atom as a reference system in density functional theory.

We use the asymptotic expansions of the semiclassical neutral atom as a reference system in density functional theory to construct accurate generalized gradient approximations (GGAs) for the exchange-correlation and kinetic energies without any empiricism. These asymptotic functionals are among the most accurate GGAs for molecular systems, perform well for solid state, and overcome current GGA state of the art in frozen density embedding calculations. Our results also provide evidence for the conjointness conjecture between exchange and kinetic energies of atomic systems.

Two-Dimensional Scan of the Performance of Generalized Gradient Approximations with Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof-Like Enhancement Factor.

We assess the performance of the whole class of functionals defined by the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange-correlation enhancement factor, by performing a two-dimensional scan of the µ and κ parameters (keeping ß fixed by the recovery of the local density approximation linear response). We consider molecular (atomization energies, bond lengths, and vibrational frequencies), intermolecular (hydrogen-bond and dipole interactions), and solid-state (lattice constant and cohesive energies) properties. We find, for the energetical properties, a whole family of functionals (with µ and κ interrelated) giving very similar results and the best accuracy. Overall, we find that the original PBE and the recently proposed APBE functional [Phys. Rev. Lett.2011, 106, 186406], based on the asymptotic expansion of the semiclassical neutral atom, give the highest global accuracy, with a definite superior performance of the latter for all of the molecular properties.

Generalized Gradient Approximations of the Noninteracting Kinetic Energy from the Semiclassical Atom Theory: Rationalization of the Accuracy of the Frozen Density Embedding Theory for Nonbonded Interactions.

We present a new class of noninteracting kinetic energy (KE) functionals, derived from the semiclassical-atom theory. These functionals are constructed using the link between exchange and kinetic energies and employ a generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for the enhancement factor, namely, the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) one. Two of them, named APBEK and revAPBEK, recover in the slowly varying density limit the modified second-order gradient (MGE2) expansion of the KE, which is valid for a neutral atom with a large number of electrons. APBEK contains no empirical parameters, while revAPBEK has one empirical parameter derived from exchange energies, which leads to a higher degree of nonlocality. The other two functionals, APBEKint and revAPBEKint, modify the APBEK and revAPBEK enhancement factors, respectively, to recover the second-order gradient expansion (GE2) of the homogeneous electron gas. We first benchmarked the total KE of atoms/ions and jellium spheres/surfaces: we found that functionals based on the MGE2 are as accurate as the current state-of-the-art KE functionals, containing several empirical parameters. Then, we verified the accuracy of these new functionals in the context of the frozen density embedding (FDE) theory. We benchmarked 20 systems with nonbonded interactions, and we considered embedding errors in the energy and density. We found that all of the PBE-like functionals give accurate and similar embedded densities, but the revAPBEK and revAPBEKint functionals have a significant superior accuracy for the embedded energy, outperforming the current state-of-the-art GGA approaches. While the revAPBEK functional is more accurate than revAPBEKint, APBEKint is better than APBEK. To rationalize this performance, we introduce the reduced-gradient decomposition of the nonadditive kinetic energy, and we discuss how systems with different interactions can be described with the same functional form.

Frozen density embedding with hybrid functionals.

The Kohn-Sham equations with constrained electron density are extended to hybrid exchange-correlation (XC) functionals. We derive the frozen density embedding generalized Kohn-Sham (FDE-GKS) scheme which allows to treat the nonlocal exact-exchange in the subsystems. For practical calculations we propose an approximated version of the FDE-GKS in which the nonadditive exchange potential is computed at a semilocal level. The proposed method is applied to compute the ground-state electronic properties of small test systems and selected DNA base pairs. The results of calculations employing the hierarchy of XC functionals BLYP/B3LYP/BHLYP and PBE/PBE0 are presented, in order to analyze the effect of nonlocal exchange contributions, and compared with reference coupled-cluster singles and doubles results. We find that the use of hybrid functionals leads to a significant improvement in the description of ground-state electronic properties of the investigated systems. The semilocal version of the FDE-GKS correctly reproduces the dipole and the electron density distribution of the exact GKS supramolecular system, with errors smaller than the ones obtained using conventional semilocal XC functionals.

Towards an accurate description of the electronic properties of the biphenylthiol/gold interface: the role of exact exchange.

We investigate the role of the exact exchange in describing the biphenylthiol/gold interface. The study is performed by simulating the electronic properties of mercaptobiphenylthiol and aminobiphenylthiol molecules adsorbed on a Au(23) cluster, using local, semilocal and hybrid functionals and an effective exact exchange method, namely, the localized Hartree-Fock (LHF). We find that the local/semilocal functionals strongly underestimate the charge transfer and the bond dipole at the interface due to the self-interaction-error (SIE), which alters the correct level alignment. On the other hand the LHF method is SIE free and predicts a larger charge transfer and bond dipole. We also found that LHF results can be reproduced using hybrid functionals and that conventional local/semilocal correlation functionals are unable to improve over the exchange-only description.

Structural and electronic properties of gold microclusters: assessment of the localized Hartree-Fock method.

We assess the localized Hartree-Fock (LHF) method for the simulation of the structural and electronic properties of gold microclusters. We compute the minimum-energy geometries, atomization energies, dipole moments, and single-particle spectra for five gold clusters, Au(N), and their anions, Au(N)-, with N < or = 4. Calculations are performed with the LHF functional, with and without the addition of the Lee-Yang-Parr (LYP) correlation, and the results are compared with those obtained from other semilocal and hybrid functionals as well as from Hartree-Fock calculations. The LHF functional yields structural properties of similar quality to the other exchange-only methods, but superior molecular orbital energies are found. The LHF single-particle spectrum is free of the artifacts typical for HF and standard DFT calculations and in good agreement with available experimental reference data. The inclusion of correlation by the LYP functional produces a significant improvement of geometries and energetics, but has only a minor impact on the orbital energies.

Theoretical study on oligothiophene N-succinimidyl esters: size and push-pull effects.

We report a theoretical study on the optical properties of bithiophene and terthiophene N-succinimidyl esters, which have been functionalized with a methylsulfanyl group in the alpha or the beta positions. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and approximate coupled-cluster singles and doubles with the resolution of identity technique (RI-CC2) calculations have been performed in the ground and excited states. The RI-CC2 results for absorption and fluorescence energies are in better qualitative agreement with experiments, whereas TD-DFT does not correctly describe the higher energy part of the absorption spectra of beta-substituted bithiophenes, due to the presence of charge-transfer states. Systems functionalized at the alpha position show a large red-shift of the main absorption and fluorescence band and a larger Stokes-shift compared to the unsubstituted species. These effects are in most cases less pronounced for the beta-substituted structures. In particular, we found that the Stokes-shift of the alpha-substituted structures is larger than the one of the beta-substituted species due to a more planar orientation of the methylsulfanyl group with respect to the neighbouring thiophene in the excited state.

Torsional effects on excitation energies of thiophene derivatives induced by beta-substituents: comparison between time-dependent density functional theory and approximated coupled cluster approaches.

The influence of methyl or phenyl substitution in beta-position of dioxygenated terthiophene and diphenylthiophene on the optical properties is investigated by first-principles calculations. We compare the approximated singles and doubles coupled cluster (CC2) approach with time-dependent density functional theory methods. CC2 reproduces experimental excitation energies with an accuracy of 0.1 eV. We find that the different substituents modify the inter-ring torsional angle which in turn strongly influences the excitation energies. The steric contribution to the excitation energies have been separated from the total substituent effects.

Localized exchange-correlation potential from second-order self-energy for accurate Kohn-Sham energy gap.

A local Kohn-Sham (KS) exchange-correlation potential is derived by localizing the second-order self-energy operator, using approximations to the linear response Sham-Schlüter equation. Thanks to the use of the resolution-of-identity technique for the calculation of the self-energy matrix elements, the method is very efficient and can be applied to large systems. The authors investigate the KS energy gaps and lowest excitation energies of atoms and small- and medium-size molecules. Reference KS energy gaps (from accurate densities) of atoms and small molecules can be reproduced with great accuracy. For larger systems they found that the KS energy gap is smaller than the one obtained from the local-density approximation, showing the importance of an ab initio correlation in the Kohn-Sham potential.

Optical properties of N-succinimidyl bithiophene and the effects of the binding to biomolecules: comparison between coupled-cluster and time-dependent density functional theory calculations and experiments.

We report a joint theoretical-experimental study on the optical properties of 5-N-succinimidyl-2,2'-bithiophene (NS-2T), a prototype system for a new class of biomarkers. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and approximate coupled-cluster single and doubles (CC2) calculations are performed in the ground and excited states. Theoretical results are compared with absorption, photoluminescence (PL), time-resolved PL, and PL quantum efficiency measurements. The excited state of NS-2T has a larger dipole moment as compared to that of the ground state, explaining the experimental shift of the PL peak in solvents of different polarity, and a smaller intersystem crossing (ISC) rate as compared to that of isolated bithiophene (2T), explaining the increased PL quantum efficiency. We also studied two model systems to describe the effects of the covalent binding of NS-2T to biomolecules and proteins with the epsilon-NH(2) lysine groups. These model systems show optical properties closer to 2T, as the PL quantum efficiency is reduced due to the increased ISC rate. Theoretical calculations and experimental results show that covalent binding of NS-2T to a biomolecule will blue-shift the absorption but not the photoluminescence. CC2 and TD-DFT can very well describe the absorption and photoluminescence energies of all three systems, but the presence of several charge-transfer transitions in the TD-DFT spectrum of NS-2T required the use of a correlated method to validate the TD-DFT results.