ABSTRACT
The structure-based design and optimization of a novel series of selective PERK inhibitors are described resulting in the identification of 44 as a potent, highly selective, and orally active tool compound suitable for PERK pathway biology exploration both in vitro and in vivo.
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , eIF-2 Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Mice , Mice, Nude , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , eIF-2 Kinase/metabolismABSTRACT
Enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal storage diseases is currently based on endocytosis of lysosomal enzymes via the mannose or mannose 6-phosphate receptors. We are developing a technology for endocytosis of lysosomal enzymes that depends on generic, chemically conjugated reagents. These reagents are aptamers (single-stranded nucleic acid molecules) selected to bind to the extracellular domain of the mouse transferrin receptor. After selection, an RNA aptamer and a DNA aptamer were modified with biotin and linked to dye-labeled streptavidin for detection by confocal microscopy. Aptamer-streptavidin conjugates showed saturable uptake into mouse fibroblasts (Ltk(-) cells), which could be inhibited by an excess of free aptamer but not by tRNA, calf thymus DNA, or transferrin. The RNA aptamer-streptavidin conjugate was mouse-specific, as human cells (293T) did not take it up unless first transfected with the mouse transferrin receptor. Some streptavidin separated from the recycling pathway of transferrin and colocalized with lysosomes. After characterization in the model system, the DNA aptamer was conjugated to a lysosomal enzyme, alpha-l-iduronidase, from which mannose 6-phosphate had been removed. The aptamer had been modified by attachment of terminal glycerol for oxidation by periodate and reaction of the resulting aldehyde with amino groups on the protein. Dephospho-alpha-L-iduronidase-aptamer conjugate was taken up in saturable manner by alpha-L-iduronidase-deficient mouse fibroblasts, with half-maximal uptake estimated as 1.6 nM. Endocytosed enzyme-aptamer conjugate corrected glycosaminoglycan accumulation, indicating that it reached lysosomes and was functional in those organelles. Both uptake and correction were inhibited by unconjugated aptamer, confirming the role of the aptamer in receptor-mediated endocytosis.
