Severe leptospirosis in tropical and non-tropical areas: A comparison of two french, multicentre, retrospective cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is an anthropozoonosis that occurs worldwide but is more common in tropical regions. Severe forms may require intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Whether the clinical patterns and outcomes differ between tropical and non-tropical regions with similar healthcare systems is unclear. Our objective here was to address this issue by comparing two cohorts of ICU patients with leptospirosis managed in mainland France and in the overseas French department of Réunion, respectively. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We compared two retrospective cohorts of patients admitted to intensive care for severe leptospirosis, one from Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean (tropical climate) and the other from metropolitan France (temperate climate). Chi-square and Student's t tests were used for comparisons. After grouping the two cohorts, we also performed multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering to search for distinct clinical phenotypes. The Réunion and Metropolitan France cohorts comprised 128 and 160 patients respectively. Compared with the Réunion cohort, the metropolitan cohort had a higher mean age (42.5±14.1 vs. 51.4±16.5 years, p<0.001). Severity scores, length of stay and mortality did not differ between the two cohorts. Three phenotypes were identified: hepato-renal leptospirosis (54.5%) characterized by significant hepatic, renal and coagulation failure, with a mortality of 8.3%; moderately severe leptospirosis (38.5%) with less severe organ failure and the lowest mortality rate (1.8%); and very severe leptospirosis (7%) manifested by neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular failure, with a mortality of 30%. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The outcomes of severe leptospirosis requiring ICU admission did not differ between tropical and temperate regions with similar healthcare access, practices, and resources, despite some differences in patient characteristics. The identification of three different clinical phenotypes may assist in the early diagnosis and management of severe leptospirosis.

Red Blood Cell Transfusion Requirements Before and After Implementation of a Perioperative Patient Blood Management Program in Adult Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. A Before and After Observational Study.

OBJECTIVES: Anemia and transfusion are common in cardiac surgery patients, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Multiple perioperative interventions have been described to reduce blood transfusion, but are rarely combined altogether. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery before and after the implementation of a perioperative patient blood management (PBM) program. DESIGN: Before-and-after observational study. SETTING: Single-center French university teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients scheduled for cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Perioperative patient blood management program including pre-, intra-, and postoperative interventions aimed at identifying and correcting anemia, minimizing blood loss during surgery, and optimizing coagulation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Four hundred thirty-four patients were included in the study from January 2021 to July 2022. The incidence of perioperative RBC transfusion (intraoperatively and during the first 2 postoperative days) was significantly reduced from 43% (90/213) in the pre-PBM period to 27% (60/221) in the post-PBM period (p < 0.001). The application of a PBM program was associated with a reduction in perioperative RBC transfusion by multivariate analysis (odds ratio 0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.85, p = 0.007), and was associated with a reduction in the median number of RBC units transfused within transfused patients (p = 0.025). These effects persisted at day 30 after surgery (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: A perioperative PBM program in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery was associated with a significant reduction in perioperative RBC transfusion, which persisted at day 30.

Clinical utility of a deep-learning mortality prediction model for cardiac surgery decision making.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study using decision curve analysis (DCA) was to evaluate the clinical utility of a deep-learning mortality prediction model for cardiac surgery decision making compared with the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) II and to 2 machine-learning models. METHODS: Using data from a French prospective database, this retrospective study evaluated all patients who underwent cardiac surgery in 43 hospital centers between January 2012 and December 2020. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to compare the accuracy of the EuroSCORE II, machine-learning models, and an adapted Tabular Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers deep-learning model in predicting postoperative in-hospital mortality. The clinical utility of these models for cardiac surgery decision making was compared using DCA. RESULTS: Over the study period, 165,640 patients underwent cardiac surgery, with a mean EuroSCORE II of 3.99 ± 6.67%. In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve was significantly greater for the deep-learning model (0.834; 95% confidence interval, 0.831-0.838) than the EuroSCORE II (P < .001), the random forest model (P = .03), and the Extreme Gradient Boosting model (P = .03). In the DCA, the clinical utility of the 3 artificial intelligence models was superior to that of the EuroSCORE II, especially when the threshold probability of death was high (>45%). The deep-learning model showed the greatest advantage over the EuroSCORE II. CONCLUSIONS: The deep-learning model had better predictive accuracy and greater clinical utility than the EuroSCORE II and the 2 machine-learning models. These findings suggest that deep learning with Tabular Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers prediction model could be used in the future as the gold standard for cardiac surgery decision making.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in leptospirosis.

PURPOSE: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a major complication of leptospirosis, leading to the majority of fatalities. METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive and single-center cohort study. The primary outcome was the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) for ARDS in leptospirosis based on the quartiles of the SAPS2 score in the reference population of 1683 patients hospitalized for ARDS. The second outcomes were to determine the risk factors of mortality of ARDS in leptospirosis and to describe the cases requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). RESULTS: Of 172 leptospirosis patients from January 2004 to October 2017, 39 (23%) presented a moderate or severe ARDS with a mortality rate of 23% (9 cases). Among patients with ARDS, the SMR with regards to Simplified Acute Physiology Score II was 0.49 (CI95%: 0.21; 0.96). Risk factors associated with mortality found by bivariate analysis were Severity Acute Physiology Score II (p = 0.01), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (p = 0.01), base excess (p = 0.002), kaliemia (p = 0.004), bilirubinemia (p = 0.01) and level of aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.01). Eight patients underwent ECMO for refractory ARDS and six survived. CONCLUSIONS: Leptospirosis can induce serious but transient ARDS with a better prognosis than that of other causes of ARDS. Several patients have been successfully treated with ECMO.

Cannula-Related Infection in Patients Supported by Peripheral ECMO: Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics.

Little is known about cannula-related infection (CRI) in patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, the risk factors, prognosis, and microbiological characteristics of CRI in patients supported by ECMO. This retrospective cohort study was conducted in one intensive care unit (ICU). Among 220 consecutive patients with peripheral ECMO, 39 (17.7%) developed CRI. The incidence of CRI was 17.2 per 1,000 ECMO days. The main isolated microorganisms were Enterobacteriaceae (38%), Staphylococcus spp. (28.2%; 8.5% were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and 19.7% were coagulase-negative staphylococci), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.3%). Bacteremia was present in 23 cases (59.7%). In multivariate analysis, the risk factors for CRI were longer ECMO duration (p = 0.006) and higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score 2 (p = 0.004). Forty-one percentage of patients with CRI needed surgical management of the infected site. Cannula-related infection was not associated with higher in-hospital mortality (p = 0.73), but it was associated with a longer stay in ICU (p < 0.0001) and a longer stay in hospital (p = 0.002). In conclusion, CRI is frequent in patients with ECMO and associated with a longer stay in hospital. Risk factors for CRI were longer ECMO duration and higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score 2. Concomitant bacteremia was frequent (59.7%) and CRI should be strongly investigated in cases of positive blood culture.

Predictors of red blood cell transfusion and its association with prognosis in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

PURPOSE: Few data are available on the potential benefits and risks of red blood cell transfusion in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The aim of this study was to identify the determinants and prognosis of red blood cell transfusion in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, with a special focus on biological parameters during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment. METHODS: We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study including all consecutive patients who underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between January 2010 and December 2015. RESULTS: The 201 evaluated patients received a median of 0.9 [0.5-1.7] units of red blood cell per day. Significant and clinically relevant variables that best correlated with units of red blood cell transfused per day of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were lower median daily prothrombin time in percentage (Quick) ( t = -0.016, p < 0.0001), higher median daily free bilirubin level ( t = 0.016, p < 0.0001), and lower pH ( t = -2.434, p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, red blood cell transfusion was associated with a significantly higher rate of in-intensive care unit mortality (per red blood cell unit increment; adjusted odds ratio: 1.07, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.12, p = 0.005). It was also associated with higher rates of acute renal failure ( p = 0.025), thromboembolic complications ( p = 0.0045), and sepsis ( p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that red blood cell transfusion may be associated with a higher mortality rate and with severe complications. However, we cannot conclude a direct causal relationship, as red blood cell transfusion may be only a marker of poor outcome. We recommend that physicians correct acidosis and hemolysis in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation whenever possible.

Leptospirosis in ICU: A Retrospective Study of 134 Consecutive Admissions.

OBJECTIVES: Leptospirosis causes reversible multiple organ failure, and its mortality remains high. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate of leptospirosis in an ICU offering all types of organ support available nowadays and to compare it with mortality in bacterial sepsis. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive, and single-center cohort study. SETTINGS: The largest ICU of Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) in a teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients hospitalized in ICU for leptospirosis from January 2004 to January 2015. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We report 134 cases of patients with leptospirosis hospitalized in ICU. The median age was 40 years (interquartile range, 30-52 yr), with a Simplified Acute Physiology Score II of 38 (27-50) and a Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score of 10 (8-12). Forty-one patients (31%) required mechanical ventilation and 76 (56%) required renal replacement therapy. The door-to-renal replacement therapy time was 0 (0-1) day after admission with a median urea of 25 mmol/L (17-32 mmol/L). Five patients required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The mortality rate was 6.0% (95% CI, 2.6-11.4). Among patients hospitalized for sepsis, the standardized mortality ratio of patients with leptospirosis with regards to Simplified Acute Physiology Score II was dramatically low: 0.40 (95% CI, 0.17 - 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality of severe leptospirosis is lower than for other bacterial infection, provided modern resuscitation techniques are available. Prompt organ support ensures very low mortality rates despite high severity scores.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock due to alcoholic cardiomyopathy: a long-term follow-up of 4 cases.

Even though alcoholism is a major health concern, alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a little-known pathology. The exact prevalence remains elusive (20-40% of dilated cardiomyopathy). However, it can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure and refractory cardiogenic shock. The literature on cardiogenic shock in alcoholic cardiomyopathy is limited. We report 4 cases of patients with refractory cardiogenic shock due to heavy alcohol consumption, who were treated with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The evolution was favourable with recovery in 3 patients and the need for heart transplantation in 1 patient. After 3-5 years, all patients are alive, 2 of 4 are sober, all of them are on cardiac follow-up and none of them have presented with a cardiac relapse.

Assessment of the National French recommendations regarding the dosing regimen of 8mg/kg of gentamicin in patients hospitalised in intensive care units.

INTRODUCTION: To assess the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (ANSM) guidelines concerning the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of gentamicin when using a loading dose of 8mg/kg administered in patients hospitalised in the intensive care unit (ICU). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study conducted in one ICU. RESULTS: During the study period, 34 patients with a median simplified acute physiology score 2 of 54 [44-70] received a median dose of 8 [7.9-8.1] mg/kg of gentamicin. The median Cmax was 17.5 [15.4-20.7] mg/L and no patient had a Cmax>30mg/L. Twenty-four of 34 patients (71%) had a Cmax>16mg/L. Following multivariate analysis, the only factor associated with Cmax<16mg/L was a positive fluid balance 24hours before gentamicin administration (per 1000mL increment) (OR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.18-0.77, P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a Cmax>30mg/L [which corresponds to approximately 8 times the minimal inhibiting concentrations (MIC) breakpoints for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae with intermediate sensitivity] of gentamicin as recommended by ANSM guidelines seems impossible to obtain with a loading dose of 8mg/kg in the ICU. A loading dose of 8mg/kg should probably not be used in the empiric antibiotic treatment of infection due to non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli and Enterobacteriaceae with intermediate sensitivity whose MIC breakpoint is 4mg/L. A Cmax>16mg/L was not reached in almost 30% of patients, particularly in the group with a positive fluid balance who require higher doses than currently recommended.