ABSTRACT
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identification of four viruses causing acute respiratory diseases in human beings was developed. The analytical sensitivity of developed RT-PCR for identification of adenovirus, respiratory-syncytial virus, flu viruses types A and B, and actual subtypes of type A flu virus (seasonal and pandemic variants H1N1, seasonal H3N2, and viruses of bird flu that are pathogenic to human beings H5 and H7) was 1 × 103 genome equivalents per milliliter. Diagnostic sensitivity for flu virus type A and B, and also subtypes H1 (seasonal H1N1, pandemic variant of H1N1 of year 2009), H3, H5 was 1 × 103-104 viral particles per milliliter. The method developed has high specificity and does not have positive signal in experiments with DNA/cDNA of human beings and viral DNA. We have studied 50 samples using the developed set. Etiology was defined in 33 samples.
ABSTRACT
The real time PCR assay targeting influenza A and B virus, 5 subtypes of influenza A virus (seasonal H1N1, pandemic H1N1 (2009), seasonal H3N2, pathogenic for human subtypes of avian influenza H5 and H7), respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus was developed. The analytical sensitivity of the developed assay was 1 x 10(3) genome equivalents per ml. The diagnostic sensitivity of the method was 1 x l0(3)-10(4) viral particles per ml. Experiments with human DNA/cDNA and viral cDNA showed a markedly high diagnostic specificity of the developed PCR assay. In the assay of the developed PCR test, 50 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were tested. The etiology was identified in 33 samples.
Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Animals , Birds/virology , Humans , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza B virus/genetics , Influenza B virus/isolation & purification , Influenza in Birds/diagnosis , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza, Human/virology , Respiratory Tract Infections/genetics , Respiratory Tract Infections/virologyABSTRACT
The investigation of cases of acute intestinal infections in the Sakhalin region of Russia in August, 2010 is described. Epidemiological and molecular biological studies were conducted. After initial PCR screening and determining the nucleotide sequences of the positive samples the following enteroviruses were found: Coxsackie A2 - 42 samples (45%), Coxsackie A4--31 sample (34%), Enterovirus 71--6 samples (6,5%), Coxsackievirus B5--6 samples (6,5%), Coxsackie B3--4 samples (4%) and Coxsackie B1--4 samples (4%). The phylogenetic analysis of sequences showed that the closest analogues for the nucleotide sequences of these genotypes were previously identified in Japan, Korea and China in 2000-2010.
Subject(s)
Coxsackievirus Infections , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Disease Reservoirs , Enterovirus , Intestinal Diseases , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Base Sequence , Child , Child, Preschool , Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration , Communicable Diseases/epidemiology , Communicable Diseases/physiopathology , Communicable Diseases/virology , Coxsackievirus Infections/epidemiology , Coxsackievirus Infections/physiopathology , Coxsackievirus Infections/prevention & control , Coxsackievirus Infections/virology , Disease Reservoirs/statistics & numerical data , Disease Reservoirs/virology , Enterovirus/classification , Enterovirus/genetics , Enterovirus/pathogenicity , Female , Humans , Infant , Intestinal Diseases/epidemiology , Intestinal Diseases/physiopathology , Intestinal Diseases/prevention & control , Intestinal Diseases/virology , Male , Russia/epidemiology , Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods , Serotyping/methodsABSTRACT
Rats divided into groups of "impulsive" and "self-controlled" animals by their preference of either high valuable but delayed or a low valuable but immediate food reward were studied by the method of "emotional resonance". It was shown that all rats of the "self-controlled" group choosing a high valuable although delayed reinforcement did not escape the defensive signals of another animal of the same species and for the most part of the trial time preferred to stay in the dark "house". The majority of animals belonging to the "impulsive" group (80%) spent more than a half of the time of the experiment in the bright compartment and thus saved a partner from electrical stimulation. The existence of some general mechanisms that underlie these two types of behavior is discussed.
