[Improving prevention activities of infectious diseases during preparation and holding of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi].

The article presents data on the implementation of a set of preventive activities to ensure sanitation and epidemiological welfare during the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi. The importance of monitoring and evaluation of epidemiological risk, as the basis of formation of preventive measures is noticed. The questions of specific, and nonspecific prevention of infectious diseases, especially the work done during the pre-Olympic period are considered. The importance of specifically developed regulatory basis, and health education are emphasized. The conclusion about the effectiveness of the measures taken, which led to a significant reduction of infectious diseases in the region is made.

[Epidemiological risk of introduction of dangerous and exotic infectious diseases on the territory of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi].

To assess the epidemiological risk of introduction of serious infectious diseases in the pre-Olympic period defined list of dangerous and exotic infections and held assessment of potential danger threatening. Initial external information to assess the potential risk of skidding were reports, forecasts, posted on the official websites. The risk of skidding and epidemiological complications conditionally designated as high, moderate and minimal risk importation of measles virus-Rate was considered as high. In confirmation of the forecast for the period of the Olympic Games in Sochi have been registered about 100 cases of measles. Moderate risk of importation was determined for poliomyelitis due to wild poliovirus, Lassa fever, cholera, plague, and the minimal--for Dengue fever, yellow fever, the Middle East and respiratory syndrome, diseases caused by viruses Marburg and Ebola. Based on of analysis of previous Olympic Games and subsequent co-events related to the activity of the infectious diseases in the world, mate-cluded that even a slight risk of importation of infectious diseases requires maximum alertness and readiness to conduct adequate epidemiological issues incorporated.

[Operation and interaction peculiarities of diagnostic laboratories involved in providing protection from infectious diseases during the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi].

The experience of the organization and functioning of the laboratory network during the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi is considered. Efforts to establish an effective system of laboratory support, the order of work and interaction of diagnostic laboratories involved in diseases control of population during the Olympic Games are analyzed.

[Organization and epidemiological surveillance of Western Nile fever in case of the Volgograd Region].

Western Nile fever (WNF) is an arboviral infection of the most relevance to the Volgograd Region. The observed decreasing incidence of WNF in 2001-2006, 2008, and 2009 and a decline in the number of its severe forms are only suggestive of the temporary regression of the epidemic process in the Volgograd Region. There are prerequisites and forerunners for a complication of the epidemiological Western Nile fever situation in the Volgograd Region. The goal of the epidemiological survey of Western Nile fever is to provide necessary and sufficient information for the analysis of the epidemiological situation and to define a line of public health policy and actions when making managerial decisions.

[Means to improvement of epidemiologic control of indication of causative agents of infectious diseases].

The system of indication ofbiological pathogens that exists in our country allows to implement efficacious monitoring of epidemiologic situation, timely detect causative agents of infectious and parasitic diseases in material from humans and environmental samples, conduct their detailed identification and take appropriate means to ensure biosafety of the Russian Federation.

[Conceptual bases of biological safety. Part 1].

Up to date there is a narrow and broad interpretation of the term biological safety (BS) the world over. In the narrow sense it is defined as availability of international regulations applied to diagnostic, manufacturing, or experimental works with pathogenic biological agents (PBA) in accordance with specified levels of biological hazard and BS. In a broader context it has no national, conceptual, terminological or defying basis. Therewith, establishment of this framework has become the core issue of the study. Investigations have revealed that BS should conceptually cover the whole sphere of sanitary-and-epidemiological welfare as well as related fields such as veterinary-sanitary, phytosanitary provision, ecological safety, environmental conditions (occupational, socio-economic and geopolitical infrastructures, ecological system), and be exercised to prevent and control emergency situations (ES) of biological character. It is demonstrated that this type of ES differs from ES in the sphere of public health care of international concern which is formalized in IHR (2005), in the way that it is characterized by high socio-economic and geopolitical significance of the negative influence on human vital activities, comparable with national and international security hazard. Elaborated is the conceptual, terminological and defying toolkit of the BS broad interpretation (27 terms).

[Topical issues of biological safety under current conditions. Part 2. Conceptual, terminological, and definitive framework of biological safety].

In accordance with the established conceptual base for the up-to-date broad interpretation of biological safety, and IHR (2005), developed is the notional, terminological, and definitive framework, comprising 33 elements. Key item of the nomenclature is the biological safety that is identified as population safety (individual, social, national) from direct and (or) human environment mediated (occupational, socio-economic, geopolitical infrastructures, ecological system) exposures to hazardous biological factors. Ultimate objective of the biological safety provision is to prevent and liquidate aftermaths of emergency situations of biological character either of natural or human origin (anthropogenic) arising from direct and indirect impact of the biological threats to the public health compatible with national and international security hazard. Elaborated terminological framework allows for the construction of self-sufficient semantic content for biological safety provision, subject to formalization in legislative, normative and methodological respects and indicative of improvement as regards organizational and structural-functional groundwork of the Russian Federation National chemical and biological safety system, which is to become topical issue of Part 3.

[Analysis of outbreak of anthrax in Omsk region in 2010].

AIM: Carrying out analysis of epizootologic-epidemiologic situation on anthrax that had emerged in Omsk region in 2010 when horse meat from epizootic focus of anthrax was used in production of meat semi-finished products. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study of samples for detection of anthrax causative agents and strain identification was performed according to guidelines 1.3.2569-09. Strain genotyping was performed by MLVA method. RESULTS: The epizootologic-epidemiologic investigation performed allowed to detect the causes of emergence of anthrax outbreak, its routes and factors of transmission. MLVA genotyping results gave evidence on the single origin of Bacillus anthracis strains isolated from sick animals, humans and food substances. CONCLUSION: Timely execution of a complex of epizootic and epidemic control measures allowed to localize epizootic and epidemic focus of anthrax as well as prevent a possible large scale development of epidemic complications.

[Poliomyelitis in Tajikistan. Protection of Russia from emergence and spread of wild poliomyelitis virus].

Problem of emergence and spread of poliomyelitis in Russian Federation and neighboring states is examined. Measures taken in Russian Federation to prevent emergence of poliomyelitis cases caused by wild type virus are discussed, as well as treaties and agreements between Russia, Commonwealth of Independent States, Shanghai Cooperation Organization states regarding epidemiological control of poliomyelitis and acute flaccid paralysis. Measure planned by Federal Service for Surveillance for Protection of Consumers Rights and Human Welfare to prevent emergence of poliomyelitis and acute flaccid paralysis cases in Russian Federation and neighboring countries are presented.

[Methodic bases for providing the population and potentially dangerous water objects with biosafety against the pathogens of Legionellosis].

The paper considers the key aspects of the ecology of Legionella determining the increasing role of the pathogen in the emergence of human infectious diseases in postinduatrial society. Formation of Legionella biofilms on potentially dangerous water objects with possible further aerosol or aspiration transmission of the pathogen may lead to large epidemic outbreaks and sporadic cases of the infection. Based on international experience and the results of their studies, the authors propose a current legionellosis prevention concept based on microbiological monitoring and control of potentially dangerous water objects.

[Modern conception of organization of epidemiological surveillance for Legionella infections].

Evolution of views on legionellosis is analyzed in the review: from extremely dangerous rare infection to sufficiently widespread severe pneumonia emergence of which is determined by features of ecology and prevalence of natural water microorganism in potentially dangerous water systems created by man. Epidemiologic features of 3 main groups of legionellosis determined according to place of acquisition are discussed: sporadic (community-acquired) legionellosis; nosocomial legionellosis; legionellosis related with trip or travel. Modern principles of organization of epidemiologic surveillance for legionellosis based on the disease's incidence monitoring, observation on circulation of the agent in potentially dangerous water systems, conducting of prophylactic measures aimed at prevention of sporadic cases and epidemic outbreaks. Organization of epidemiological surveillance for Legionella infection in Russian Federation in present time is developed on the basis of international standards, recommendations of World Health Organization, home practical experience from elimination of epidemic outbreaks of legionellosis, and results of Legionella isolation from potentially dangerous water objects on territory of Russia.

[Modern views on the epidemiology of legionellosis: operations procedure during epidemic outbreaks and preventive monitoring].

Key aspects of legionellosis epidemiology determining the rising role of Legionella in human infectious diseases in conditions of postindustrial community were discussed. It was shown that formation of Legionella biofilms on potentially dangerous water objects with possible further aerosol or aspiration transmission of microorganisms leads to major epidemic outbreaks and sporadic cases of infection. Main principles of actions during preventive monitoring of Legionella in the environment and epidemic outbreaks of legionellosis were described.

[Epidemiologic examination of focuses of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Legionella].

Main directions of epidemiologic examination of community-acquired pneumonia focus caused by Legionella accounting for features of epidemic process of this infection are discussed. Typical questionnaires, suggested list of documents, characteristics of laboratory tests are presented. Importance of epidemiologic examination of disease focuses as a basis for adequate sanitary and antiepidemic (prophylactic) measures for suppression of outbreaks of Legionella infection are underlined.

[Standards for laboratory diagnostics of legionellosis and their application during epidemic outbreak of pneumonia in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma].

High effectiveness of application of international standards for legionellosis laboratory diagnostics was confirmed during investigation of pneumonia outbreak in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma. Use of immunochromatographic method and enzyme immunoassay for detection of Legionella antigen in urine of patients allows to confirm diagnosis of Legionella infection during several hours, promptly begin etiologic antibacterial treatment and reveal possible sources of infection in potentially dangerous environmental objects.

[Epidemiologic versions in investigation of Legionnaires' disease outbreak in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma].

Materials of investigation of Legionnaires' disease outbreak in one of the town of Sverdlovsk region in summer 2007 are presented. Outbreak arose in situation of epidemiologic welfare on majority of registered infectious diseases. Epidemiologic diagnostics of the outbreak has been performed in maximal shorttime interval, during which it was necessary to investigate variety of miscellaneous versions. Active search of the source of the infection and its transmission factors resulted in desired result and allowed to terminate the outbreak in 14 days.

[Epidemiologic characteristic of Legionnaires' disease outbreak in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma].

Materials of investigation of Legionnaires' disease outbreak in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma (Sverdlovsk region) are presented. Features of epidemic process during this outbreak were reflected, its epidemiologic characteristics were described. Effectiveness of timely antiepidemic measures directed at elimination of main factor of infection's transmissibility was shown.

[Experience of using bacterial lysate IRS 19 for the prophylaxis of the diseases of respiratory organs in organized groups].

To solve the problem of unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological situation in diseases of respiratory organs in one of the organized groups in the Moscow region, a preparation prepared from a group of curative vaccines, IRS 19, was used. For controlling the effectiveness of its prophylactic action two groups of 250 persons were formed. As a result, morbidity rate in respiratory diseases decreased 2.5-3 times. In 1.5 months after the use of the preparation was started the coefficient of protection against the whole group of diseases of respiratory organs was 70%.