Determining the pressure injury and staging knowledge of nurses at a hospital in Turkey.

AIM: The aim of this research is to examine the nurses's knowledge level regarding pressure injury and its staging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was conducted in descriptive type. The data were collected at a hospital in Konya between September 1 and November 30, 2021. The sample of the study consisted of 158 nurses working in internal clinics, surgical clinics and intensive care units. "Sociodemographic Questionnaire Form" and "Modified Pieper Pressure Wound Knowledge Test (PUKT)" were used to collect data. Percentage, frequency, arithmetic mean, independent sample t-test and ANOVA tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: It was found that 77.2% of the nurses had encountered pressure injuries and 63.1%had received training on pressure injuries. It was determined that 55.1% of them received this training as in-service training in the hospital. 96.8% of the nurses stated that pressure injury could be prevented with nursing care. The mean PUKT score of the nurses was 30.70 ± 7.15; staging mean score was 4.79 ± 1.87, wound description mean score was 4.43 ± 1.88; prevention/risk assessment score mean was determined as 20.78 ± 3.93. The average score obtained with the correct response rates to the test was 62.67%. There was no significant difference between nurses' education levels, years of employment and PUKT, wound description, staging and prevention/risk scores (p > .05). There was a significant difference between the mean PUKT score and staging mean score between those who received training on pressure injury and those who didn't, and between the units where the nurses worked and the mean PUKT score, wound description, staging and prevention/risk scores (p < .05). CONCLUSION: It was found that the nurses's knowledge level was below satisfactory. It's recommended for nurses to attend trainings on pressure injury, to check the effectiveness of their training, to participate in scientific meetings and to encourage nurses to make research.

Determinants of Turkish households' out-of-pocket expenditures on three categories of health care services: A multivariate probit approach.

This study identifies the driving forces that contribute to the probabilities of incidence of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures by households in Turkey. Factors affecting the probability of OOP expenditures on medical products/devices/supplies (MP), outpatient services (OTS), and inpatient services (ITS) are examined using the Household Budget Survey data gathered by the Turkish Statistical Institute in 2018. The study applies the multivariate probit model. The incidence of OOP spending varied with 48.9% of the households reporting OOP expenditure on MP, 22.4% on OTS, and 25.4% on ITS. The largest probability changes were associated with household disposable annual income, household type and size, age category, and having private health insurance. Gender and marital status also influenced expenditures in some categories. Lifestyle choices had small and mixed effects, with smoking and alcohol consumption lowering the probability of OOP spending. From a policy standpoint, households with the lowest incomes, large households, and those where the household head was 'others' (retiree, student, housewife, not actively working, etc.) or had a condition preventing employment seemed to report OOP expenditures less frequently and may have chosen not to receive healthcare services, leading to the need for more healthcare services later.

Factors Affecting the Intention to Quit among Women Smokers in Turkey.

OBJECTIVES: Tobacco use is an important public health problem that affects adversely the quality of life. A person's attitude toward quitting tobacco use can be reflected by the desire or intention to quit smoking. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors affecting women's intention to quit tobacco in Turkey. METHODS: In this study, the data obtained from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) were used. The GATS is a standard method used in countries to monitor and evaluate the frequency of tobacco use in adults and tobacco control practices. The data used in the study was obtained from the GATS carried out in Turkey in 2008 and 2012. The data related to 1248 women smoking tobacco were used in the analysis. The relationship between women's intention to quit tobacco use and socio-demographic and economic variables was examined. RESULTS: Men were excluded from the analysis because the focus of the study was women. It was determined that 732 of 1248 women using tobacco intend to quit smoking tobacco. 40.4% of women smoking tobacco are primary school graduates. Women, who were aware of anti-smoking messages and exposed to stimulants that promote smoking, were 36.4% and 27% more likely to intend to stop tobacco use after the next month, respectively. It was observed that women living in a house, where smoking is allowed, are less likely to quit smoking than others (ME = -0.522). This shows the importance of domestic restrictions. CONCLUSION: Intending to quit is an important preliminary step to quit. Understanding the factors associated with the intention to quit smoking can help tobacco users to stop using it and shape effective policies to increase the quit rates. 
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