Long-term results of scapulothoracic arthrodesis with multiple cable method for facioscapulohumeral dystrophy: do the results deteriorate over time?

Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the long-term functional results of scapulothoracic fusion using multifilament cables in patients with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) to identify if the early improvement from this intervention is maintained. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively investigated the long-term outcomes of 13 patients with FSHD (18 shoulders) in whom scapulothoracic fusion using multifilament cables was performed between 2004 and 2007. These patients have previously been reported at a mean of 35.5 months (24 to 87). There were eight men and five women with a mean age of 26 years. Their mean length of follow-up of our current study was 128 months (94 to 185). To evaluate long-term functional results, the range of shoulder flexion and abduction, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) scores were analyzed with a comparison of preoperatively, interim and at the final outcomes. The fusion was examined radiographically in all. Results: The complication rate was 33% (six of 18 scapulothoracic fusions) in 13 patients, which comprised failure of fusion in four shoulders (four patients) all occurring within the first year postoperatively. In two shoulders (one patient) wound problems arose due to attribution from the cables which required shortening but the fusion developed satisfactorily. At the final examination, the mean QuickDASH score and range of movement significantly improved in all but one patient (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). In the comparison of 13 patients' mid- and long-term results, the mean QuickDASH score decreased from 9.8 (sd 6.7; 3 to 26) in the third year to 9.1 (sd 5.6; 3 to 22) in the tenth year (p = 0.7); the mean range of shoulder flexion and abduction decreased from 129° (sd 22°; 90° to 160°) and 124° (sd 12; 100° to 150°) at the mid-term to 103° (sd 12°; 80° to 120°) and 101° (sd 8°; 80° to 120°) at the long-term, respectively (p = 0.78 and p = 0.65). Conclusion: Scapulothoracic fusion using a multiple cabling method can confer a considerable improvement in clinical and functional outcomes for most patients with FSHD after a long follow-up period. The technique requires careful execution to avoid complications. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:953-6.

The effectiveness of the Latarjet procedure for shoulder instability in patients with epilepsy.

INTRODUCTION: Powerful contractions during epileptic seizures may cause shoulder dislocation and instability. The aim of the study is to evaluate the functional and radiographic results of the Latarjet procedure for anterior shoulder dislocation in patients with epilepsy and compare the functional results of these patients with the results of patients without epilepsy. HYPOTHESIS: Is latarjet procedure effective in epileptic patients as non-epileptic patients with anterior shoulder instability? MATERIAL AND METHOD: Eleven shoulders of 9 patients with epileptic seizures causing anterior shoulder instability were evaluated retrospectively. All patients had a Latarjet procedure after neurologic evaluation and treatment arrangement. Epileptic seizures after the operation and shoulder dislocation after a seizure were investigated. For functional evaluation, ROWE, ASES and Constant scores were utilized whereas standard X-ray views were used for radiologic evaluation. The results of epileptic patients with Latarjet procedure were compared with non-epileptic patients (53 patients, 54 shoulders) for anterior shoulder instability. RESULTS: Three (33%) of the 9 epileptic patients had recurrent seizures after Latarjet procedure, whereas 1 of the 11 shoulders (9%) had dislocation after an epileptic seizure. Functional scores were found to be significantly improved in epileptic (P<0.001) and non-epileptic patients (P<0.001). No significant differences for functional results were found between epileptic and non-epileptic patients after Latarjet procedure for anterior instability (P>0.05). One shoulder of 11 in the patients with epilepsy group (9%) and one shoulder of the 54 shoulders non-epileptic patients group (1.8%) had a redislocation. The rate of postoperative redislocation was significantly higher in patients with epilepsy (P=0.008). DISCUSSION: Epileptic patients have a high rate of recurrent seizures even with proper medical treatment. Significant functional improvements and shoulder stability may be achieved after Latarjet procedure in epileptic patients. These functional results were comparable with those of non-epileptic patients with Latarjet procedure for anterior shoulder instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III (case-control study).

Comparison of simple arm sling and figure of eight clavicular bandage for midshaft clavicular fractures: a randomised controlled study.

Only a few randomised, controlled studies have compared different non-operative methods of treatment of mid-shaft fractures of the clavicle. In this prospective, randomised controlled study of 60 participants (mean age 31.6 years; 15 to 75) we compared the broad arm sling with the figure of eight bandage for the treatment of mid-shaft clavicle fractures. Our outcome measures were pain, Constant and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores and radiological union. The mean visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score on the first day after treatment was significantly higher (VAS 1 6.8; 4 to 9) in the figure of eight bandage group than the broad arm sling group (VAS 1 5.6; 3 to 8, p = 0.034). A mean shortening of 9 mm (3 to 17) was measured in the figure of eight bandage group, versus 7.5 mm (0 to 24) in the broad arm sling group (p = 0.30). The application of the figure of eight bandage is more difficult than of the broad arm sling, and patients experience more pain during the first day when treated with this option. We suggest the broad arm sling is preferable because of the reduction of early pain and ease of application.

Platelet-rich plasma for enhancing surgical rotator cuff repair: evaluation and comparison of two application methods in a rat model.

PURPOSE: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a natural concentrate of autologous growth factors now being widely tested in different fields of medicine for its potential in enhancing the regeneration of tissue with low healing potential. However, studies of PRP in enhancing rotator cuff repair have been contradictory, perhaps because of how PRP is administered. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of PRP and compare two different application methods of PRP on rotator cuff healing. METHODS: The supraspinatus tendons of 48 mature, male Wistar-Albino rats were detached from their insertion on the humerus. The animals were divided into four groups: (1) no repair, (2) primary repair, (3) repair plus PRP injections into the tendon-bone interface, and (4) repair plus PRP absorbed from a sponge carrier to the tendon-bone interface. The tendons were evaluated biomechanically and histologically at week 8. RESULTS: Cuffs repaired with PRP had significantly greater mean (SD) load-to-failure rates [11.1 (6.5) and 11.6 (3.9) N; P < 0.05] and stiffness [3.5 (2.3) and 1.6 (0.75) N; P < 0.05] than did cuffs repaired without PRP. The groups receiving PRP did not differ significantly on these variables. Histological evaluation showed no significant differences among the four groups. CONCLUSIONS: The application of PRP, independent of the application method, significantly improved biomechanical properties at the rotator cuff tendon-bone interface. The type of application, injection or absorption from a sponge did not influence the effect of PRP on rotator cuff healing.

The effect of gestational age on sonographic screening of the hip in term infants.

Several authors have suggested that the final five weeks of gestation are a critical period for the development of the hip. In order to test the hypothesis that gestational age at birth may influence the development of the hip joint, we analysed the sonographic findings in 1992 hips (in 996 term newborns) with no risk factor for developmental dysplasia of the hip. The 996 infants were born at a mean gestational age of 39 weeks (37 to 41). The mean bony roof angle (α), cartilage roof angle (ß) and the distribution of the type of hip were compared between the 37th, 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st birth week groups. There was a significant difference in the distribution of type of hip between the different birth week groups (p < 0.001), but no significant difference between the α angles of all groups (p = 0.32). There was no correlation between birth week and roof angle (p = 0.407 and p = 0.291, respectively) and no significant correlation between birth weight and roof angle (p = 0.735 and p = 0.132, respectively). The maturity of the infant hip, as assessed sonographically, does not appear to be affected by gestational age, and the fetal development of the acetabular roof appears to plateau from 37 weeks.

A comparison of single-versus double-row suture anchor techniques in a simulated repair of the rotator cuff: an experimental study in rabbits.

We compared time-dependent changes in the biomechanical properties of single-and double-row repair of a simulated acute tear of the rotator cuff in rabbits to determine the effect of the fixation techniques on the healing process. A tear of the supraspinatus tendon was created in 80 rabbits which were separated into two equal groups. A single-row repair with two suture anchors was conducted in group 1 and a double-row repair with four suture anchors in group 2. A total of ten intact contralateral shoulder joints was used as a control group. Biomechanical testing was performed immediately post-operatively and at four and eight weeks, and histological analysis at four and eight weeks. The mean load to failure in group 2 animals was greater than in group 1, but both groups remained lower than the control group at all intervals. Histological analysis showed similar healing properties at four and eight weeks in both groups, but a significantly larger number of healed tendon-bone interfaces were identified in group 2 than in group 1 at eight weeks (p < 0.012). The ultimate load to failure increased with the number of suture anchors used immediately post-operatively, and at four and eight weeks. The increased load to failure at eight weeks seemed to be related to the increase in the surface area of healed tendon-to-bone in the double-row repair group.

Muscular buttonholing: An unusual cause of irreducible knee dislocation.

In cases of irreducible knee dislocation, all the medial joint structures have been reported to be the obstructing tissue. The case presented, the first in the English-language literature, is buttonholing of the femoral condyle through the vastus medialis muscle. Entrapment of the muscle bundle was diagnosed preoperatively using magnetic resonance imaging scans. The joint could be reduced easily, following sectioning of the muscle bundle.

Modification of Bankart reconstruction with lateral capsulotomy and selective anatomic repair using suture anchors.

Twenty consecutive patients (17 male, 3 female) with a diagnosis of traumatic recurrent anterior instability of the shoulder were treated by a modified Bankart procedure using suture anchors. The technique consists of vertical incision of the capsule, just medial to the lateral insertion on the humerus and anatomic repair of the Bankart lesion. Humeral-based capsular shifting was performed in patients with anterior-inferior instability. The average age was 24 years (range: 14 to 39 years), and average follow-up period 68 months (range: 2 to 8 years). The average Bankart rating score was 92.5 (range: 70 to 100); with 16 (80%) excellent (score 90 to 100), 2 (10%) good (score 75 to 89), and 2 (10%) fair results. Failure in terms of recurrent dislocation was not reported. Eleven patients (55%) had a loss of 5 degrees to 10 degrees of external rotation either with the extremity at the side or at 90 degrees of abduction. Nine (45%) patients had external rotation equal to the contralateral side. We believe selective anatomic Bankart reconstruction by lateral capsulotomy and humeral-based capsular shifting in cases with marked inferior laxity is a more anatomic and physiologic technique.

Time-dependent reduction in load to failure of wedge-type polyglyconate suture anchors.

SUMMARY: Thirty-two absorbable (polyglyconate) and 24 nonabsorbable (polyacetal) wedge-type suture anchors (TAG; Acufex, Mansfield, MA) were implanted into sheep tibiae. Load to failure tests were performed on the day of insertion and at weeks 3, 6, and 12, followed by macroscopic examination. Failure type was suture breakage for nonabsorbable anchors in all groups, with average forces of 142.5 +/- 4.8 N on the first day, 138.0 +/- 6.6 N in week 6, and 135.6 +/- 2.9 N in week 12. In the absorbable group, suture breakage occurred on the first day with a mean force of 133.5 +/- 4. 2 N. In weeks 3, 6, and 12, suture cutout occurred with average forces of 33.75 +/- 5.0 N, 23.25 +/- 2.2 N, and 23.25 +/- 5.9 N, respectively. For absorbable anchors, results at weeks 3, 6, and 12 were significantly lower compared with initial results (P <.001). These results show that wedge-type polyglyconate anchors lose 75% of their initial pullout strength within the first 3 weeks and 84% in 6 weeks.

Synovial chondromatosis of the subcoracoid bursa.

Synovial chondromatosis, is the chondroid metaplasia of the synovial membrane. Large joints such as the knee and hip are most commonly involved. Extraarticular involvement is rarely described. Synovial chondromatosis may be associated with impingement syndrome of the shoulder. We report a case of synovial chondromatosis of the subcoracoid bursa, which resulted in impingement symptoms.

The spinoglenoid ligament and its relationship to the suprascapular nerve.

Entrapment of the suprascapular nerve by the inferior transverse scapular ligament or spinoglenoid ligament (SGL) has been discussed frequently in the literature, but it has not been well documented anatomically. Therefore the mechanism of entrapment is not well understood. When isolated atrophy and denervation of the infraspinatus muscle have been noted, compression of the muscle's motor branch at the spinoglenoid notch has been implicated. This anatomic and morphologic study investigates the role of the SGL in entrapment neuropathy of the infraspinatus. We used 23 shoulders from 19 cadavers, 5 women (8 shoulders) and 14 men (15 shoulders), with a mean age of 67.9 (54 to 78) years. The presence or absence of the SGL was noted. The length, width, and orientation of the SGL; size and shape of the tunnel to the infraspinatus fossa; and distance of the notch to the posterior glenoid rim were determined. The SGL was present in 14 (60.8%) shoulders, 5 (36%) women and 9 (64%) men. The SGL was wider at the superior entrance of the tunnel and fanned and twisted toward the inferior aspect. In all specimens the SGL fibers inserted into the posterior shoulder capsule. The mean length for the upper part of the SGL was 17.5 +/- 2.6 mm in men and 15.8 +/- 1.8 mm in women, and the lower part was 14.1 +/- 2.4 mm and 12.9 +/- 1.8 mm, respectively. The widths of the SGL at the origin of the scapular spine were 12.2 +/- 3.9 mm for men and 10.4 +/- 2.7 mm for women, whereas the insertion site widths were 15.8 +/- 2.2 mm for men, and 16.1 +/- 3.8 mm for women. The midportion width of the SGL was 6.8 +/- 1.9 mm in men and 5.8 +/- 2.1 mm in women. During cross-body adduction and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint, the interaction of the SGL and the posterior capsule resulted in a tightening of the SGL. The suprascapular nerve moved laterally and stretched underneath the SGL in this position.

Primary replacement of the humeral head in iatrogenically displaced fracture-dislocations of the shoulder: a report about six cases.

Dislocation of the shoulder is a common injury and may be associated with a variety of complications. We report six cases of primary replacement of the humeral head where closed reduction of a shoulder dislocation associated with an undisplaced fracture of the humeral neck led to displacement of the neck fracture. All dislocations examined were anterior with a displaced greater tubercle fracture. The patients had undergone closed reduction at other medical centres and were referred to us because of iatrogenically displaced fracture-dislocations of the shoulder. Three were women and three were men with a mean age of 52.8 years (range 38-72). Primary replacement of the humeral head was done in an average of 9.3 days (range 2-30 days) following the injury. The average follow-up period was 30.2 months (range 12-55 months). Postoperative pain, active range of motion and function were evaluated with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Criteria. The forward flexion averaged 124 degrees, active external rotation averaged 29 degrees and internal rotation (achieved movement) to the second lumbar vertebra. Because of the high risk of avascular necrosis and severe collapse of the humeral head, we conclude that the primary replacement of the humeral head is the superior treatment option in iatrogenically displaced fracture dislocations of the shoulder.

[Treatment of bilateral dorsal dislocation fracture of the shoulder joint by total endoprosthesis replacement]. / Die Behandlung einer beidseitigen dorsalen Luxationsfraktur des Schultergelenkes durch totalendoprothetischen Ersatz.

A 48-year-old patient sustained depressed fracture dislocations of both shoulder joints during a grand mal epileptic seizure. Surgical treatment consisting of implantation of two Neer total replacements was successful: the functional result was good, and within 12 weeks the patient was free of pain and able to resume work.