Correlation between Rho-kinase pathway gene expressions and development and progression of glioblastoma multiforme.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and the most aggressive primary malignant tumor of the brain. Prognostic factors in GBM can be sorted as age, tumor localization, tumor diameter, symptom period and type, the extent of surgery, postoperative tumor volume, and adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy status. Besides the interactions between actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, environmental factors and intracellular signals which regulate them affect the cell invasion. Rho proteins and therefore Rho-kinase activation play important role at these changes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the Rho-kinase pathway gene expressions and prognosis in GBM. Ninety-eight patients diagnosed as GBM between 2001 and 2010 were enrolled into the study. RNA was obtained from the paraffinized tumor tissue of the patients with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded RNA isolation kit and the mRNA expressions of 26 genes were investigated. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the ages at the diagnosis and survival. There was a significant relationship between the overexpression of Rho-kinase pathway-related genes LIMK1, CFL1, CFL2, and BCL2 and low expression of MAPK1 gene and the survival of the patients. These results demonstrate for the first time that there is a marked contribution of Rho-kinase pathway-related genes to the progression and survival of the GBM. The expression of these genes may be related to response of multimodal therapy or these parameters could be used to determine possible unresponsive patients before treatment.

Mutational screening of the SOCS3 gene promoter in metastatic colorectal cancer patients.

Cytokine-induced expression of suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) molecules is important for the negative feedback control of STAT-dependent cytokine signalling. The aim of this study was to investigate possible association between the promoter region polymorphisms of the SOCS3 gene and metastatic colorectal carcinoma in a Turkish population. The DNA samples obtained from 103 patients and 109 healthy individuals were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction/single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and nucleotide sequence analysis. Five sets of primers designed for the SOCS3 gene were used, and we did not detect significant differences in genotype frequencies for any of these polymorphisms between the study groups. Only the S3P1 region showed polymorphism and displayed three (1,2,4, 2,3,4 and 2,4) genotypes. Interestingly, 2,3,4 genotype was observed in 3 patients, but not in controls. Moreover, the sequence analysis revealed that the nucleotides positioned at -914 and -1031 nt had the polymorphisms. Nucleotide sequence analysis of SSCP band 1 and band 3 revealed C-914A (rs12953258) and T-1031C (rs111033850) polymorphisms, respectively. The T-1031C polymorphism lies in the border of the STAT-binding site. The T-1031C polymorphism (rs111033850) is a newly identified single nucleotide polymorphism with this study, and we submitted this to the NCBI database. However, these results suggested that there is no marked association between SOCS3 gene promoter region polymorphisms and the risk of developing metastatic colorectal cancer.

Differential expression of a set of genes in follicular and classic variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is currently the best initial diagnostic test for evaluation of a thyroid nodule. FNA cytology cannot discriminate between benign and malignant thyroid nodules in up to 30% of thyroid nodules. Therefore, an adjunct to FNA is needed to clarify these lesions as benign or malignant. Using differential display-polymerase chain reaction method, the gene expression differences between follicular and classic variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and benign thyroid nodules were evaluated in a group of 42 patients. Computational gene function analyses via Cytoscape, FuncBASE, and GeneMANIA led us to a functional network of 17 genes in which a core sub-network of five genes coexists. Although the exact mechanisms underlying in thyroid cancer biogenesis are not currently known, our data suggest that the pattern of transformation from healthy cells to cancer cells of PTC is different in follicular variant than in classic variant.

Protective effects of dexpanthenol and y-27632 on stricture formation in a rat model of caustic esophageal injury.

BACKGROUND: This experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of dexpanthenol (converted in the body to pantothenic acid) and Y-27632 (a selective Rho-kinase inhibitor) on stricture formation after caustic (alkaline) esophageal injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty male Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into six groups. In group 1 (sham) the distal esophagus was isolated and cannulated but no caustic injury was induced. In all remaining groups, a caustic esophageal burn was induced with 50% sodium hydroxide solution for 90 s and drug treatment was given by daily intraperitoneal injection, beginning 24 h after injury and continuing for 21 d. In group 2 (controls), animals were treated with 0.9% saline; in groups 3 and 4, with 50 and 500 mg/kg/d of dexpanthenol, respectively; and in groups 5 and 6, with 0.3 and 3 mg/kg/d of Y-27632, respectively. Rats were sacrificed 22 d after caustic injury and the distal esophagus was isolated for histopathology and biochemical investigation. RESULTS: Stenosis index and collagen deposition scores were significantly lower in both the dexpanthenol and Y-27632 treated groups (P<0.05). Dexpanthenol and Y-27632 treatment markedly depressed esophageal tissue malondialdehyde and hydroxyproline levels. CONCLUSION: In this experimental model of caustic esophageal stricture, dexpanthenol and Y-27632 significantly attenuated esophageal stricture formation. These findings indicate that inhibition of Rho-kinase or dexpanthenol administration may offer novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of caustic esophageal injury.

Bikunin and α1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP) gene mutational screening in patients with kidney stones: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Bikunin is an inhibitor of kidney stone formation synthesized in the liver together with α(1)-microglobulin from the α(1)-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP) gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between bikunin/AMBP gene polymorphisms and urinary stone formation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To analyse the DNA, blood samples were taken from 75 kidney stone formers who had a familial stone history, 35 sporadic stone formers and 101 healthy individuals. Four exons of bikunin gene and five parts of the promoter region of the AMBP gene were screened using single-strand conformation polymorphism and nucleotide sequence analysis. RESULTS: The Init-2 region of the promoter of AMBP gene had polymorphisms at positions -218 and -189 nt giving three different genotypes having 1,3, 2,4 and 1,2,3,4 alleles with frequencies of 17.06%, 60.19% and 22.75%, respectively, in all groups. Therefore, the Init-2 region appears to be polymorphic. As a result, the 1,3 allele has -218G and -189T complying with the reference database sequence, the 2,4 allele has -218G and T-189C substitution and the allele 1,2,3,4 genotype has substitutions at positions G-218C and T-189C. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in allele distribution between patients and controls. These common alleles exist in the Turkish population independent of stone formation. These results are the first to demonstrate the existence of bikunin and AMBP promoter polymorphism. Although the Init-2 region of the AMBP gene is the binding site for various transcription factors, the results showed no association between these observed genotypes and stone-forming phenotypes.

Preconditioning modulates pulmonary endothelial dysfunction following ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat lung: role of potassium channels.

Ischemic preconditioning (IP) may protect the lung from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury following cardiopulmonary by-pass and lung or heart transplantation. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of ATP-dependent potassium channels (K(ATP)) in IP in the isolated buffer-perfused rat lung (IBPR) under conditions of elevated pulmonary vasoconstrictor tone (PVT). Since pulmonary arterial perfusion flow and left atrial pressure were constant, changes in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) directly reflect changes in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). When compared to control value, the pulmonary vasodilator responses to histamine and acetylcholine (ACh) following 2 h of hypothermic ischemia were significantly attenuated, whereas the pulmonary vasodilator response to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was not altered. IP in the form of two cycles of 5 min of ischemia and reperfusion applied prior to the two-hour interval of ischemia, prevented the decrease in the pulmonary vasodilator responses to histamine and ACh. Pretreatment with glybenclamide (GLB) or HMR-1098, but not 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (5-HD), prior to IP abolished the protective effect of IP. In contrast, GLB or 5-HD did not significantly alter the pulmonary vasodilator response to histamine without IP pretreatment. The present data demonstrate that IP prevents impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses in the rat pulmonary vascular bed. The present data further suggest that IP may alter the mediation of the pulmonary vasodilator response to histamine and thereby trigger a mechanism dependent on activation of sarcolemmal, and not mitochondrial, K(ATP) channels to preserve endothelial-dependent vasodilator responses and protect against I/R injury in the lung.

Effects of early phase of preconditioning on rat testicular ischemia.

INTRODUCTION: Brief episodes of ischemia followed by periods of reperfusion generate a powerful protective mechanism in cell, tissue or organ, which increase the resistance to further ischemic damage. This is known as ischemic preconditioning, and has not been investigated in testis. The present experiments were undertaken to determine whether early phase of ischemic preconditioning is evident in rat testis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surgery was conducted under thiopental (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) anesthesia in male Wistar rats. Surgical procedures were performed through a midline incision. Group 1 was designed as a sham group. In group 2, which served as the ischemia group, the animals were subjected to unilateral testicular torsion by rotating the left testis 720 degrees in a clockwise direction. Then, this testis was maintained in the torsion position by fixing with a silk suture to the scrotal wall for 90 min. In groups 3 and 4, 5 or 10 min ischemia followed by 10 min reperfusion was introduced, respectively, to induce single cycle ischemic preconditioning. In group 5, which served as the multiple cycle preconditioning group, 3 cycles of 10 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion were applied prior to 90 min ischemia. Both ipsilateral and contralateral testes were removed from the rats at the end of the experimental periods, and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) levels, xanthine oxidase (XO), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured. Both testes were also evaluated histologically, assessing interstitial edema, congestion, hemorrhages, rupture of tubules and Leydig cell proliferation. RESULTS: 90 min ischemia produced a marked increase in MDA level in left testis. However, all ischemic preconditioning protocols used in this study did not show any significant modification in MDA, NO levels or XO, MPO and SOD activities. Histological grading scale was also similar in ischemia and preconditioning groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there are no protective effects with ischemic preconditioning in rat testis as showed by biochemical analysis and histological examinations.

Effect of stobadine on leukocyte free radical generation in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: comparison with vitamin E.

We investigated a possible alteration in the ability of leukocytes to produce reactive oxygen species by stobadine, a pyridoindole antioxidant, in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The production of free radicals from whole blood was assessed by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence after stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate. The effects of vitamin E treatment were also evaluated and compared with the effects of combined treatment with stobadine. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (55 mg/kg i.p.). Some of diabetic rats and their age-matched controls were treated orally with a low dose of stobadine (24.7 mg/kg/day), vitamin E (400-500 IU/kg/day), or stobadine plus vitamin E for 10 weeks. Stobadine and vitamin E separately produced, to a similar degree, a reduction in diabetes-induced hyperglycemia. The phorbol myristate acetate stimulated chemiluminescence signal was markedly depressed in both moderate and severe diabetic rats. Stobadine treatment prevented this depression of the chemiluminescence response. Vitamin E treatment also eliminated the depression of the chemiluminescence signal in diabetic rats, and the combination with stobadine did not produce further improvement in leukocyte function. These results suggest that stobadine treatment alone is able to produce beneficial effects on leukocyte function and to maintain leukocyte free radical release during diabetes.

Effects of tetracaine and bupivacaine on chemiluminescence generated by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-stimulated human leukocytes and cell-free systems.

We investigated the abilities of an ester-type local anesthetic tetracaine and an amide-type local anesthetic bupivacaine to inhibit reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species generated by either human leukocytes or cell-free systems via luminol- and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL). Tetracaine (96+/-1%, n=6, 1 mM) and bupivacaine (97+/-0.4%, n=5, 1 mM) significantly inhibited FMLP-induced-CL in leukocyte assay. In cell-free experiments, CL due to superoxide production was significantly inhibited by tetracaine (23+/-2%, n=6) and bupivacaine (25+/-4%, n=6) at 1 mM. Although bupivacaine was ineffective on H(2)O(2)-induced CL, tetracaine activated H(2)O(2)-induced luminol CL. Additionally, tetracaine inhibited FeSO(4)-induced CL (42+/-2%, n=6, 1 mM). In hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-induced CL assay, 70+/-10% (n=5) and 57+/-4% (n=15) inhibitions were observed by tetracaine and bupivacaine, respectively. Peroxynitrite-induced luminol (54+/-7%, n=7, tetracaine, and 26+/-5%, n=8, bupivacaine, at 1 mM) and lucigenin CL (58+/-3%, n=6, tetracaine, and 22+/-14%, n=9, bupivacaine, at 1 mM) were markedly inhibited. Tetracaine interacted with superoxide, hydroxyl radical, HOCl and peroxynitrite, while bupivacaine scavenged superoxide, HOCl and peroxynitrite. These direct scavenging properties of these drugs might be involved in the inhibition observed in leukocyte free radical release. In general, a decrease in CL-response was seen with higher concentrations (0.1-1 mM) of the local anesthetics, it is likely that tetracine and bupivacaine at therapeutic concentrations do not suppress leukocyte function in vivo.

Involvement of tyrosine kinase in peroxynitrite-induced preconditioning in rat isolated heart.

We have investigated the role of tyrosine kinase in the antiarrhythmic effects of peroxynitrite preconditioning in rat isolated heart by using a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and tyrphostin. Rat hearts were preconditioned by peroxynitrite administration at 1 microM for 3 min, which was followed by 10-min washout and 30 min of ischemia. None of the hearts had ventricular fibrillation in the peroxynitrite preconditioning group (from 64%, n=11, to 0%, n=11). Neither sodium orthovanadate (10 microM) nor genistein (50 microM) or tyrphostin (100 microM) alone showed any effects on arrhythmias. Peroxynitrite preserved its beneficial effects on arrhythmias (to 0% ventricular fibrillation, n=7) during sodium orthovanadate infusion (for 23 min) prior to 30 min of an ischemic period. On the other hand, genistein or tyrphostin treatment significantly reversed the protective effects of the peroxynitrite preconditioning (to 71% ventricular fibrillation, n=14, genistein and, to 75% ventricular fibrillation, n=8, tyrphostin). These results suggest that the tyrosine kinase pathway plays a significant role in peroxynitrite-induced preconditioning in rat isolated heart.

Nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitors abolish hypoxic vasoconstriction in sheep-isolated pulmonary arteries.

The aim of this study was to determine the role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in hypoxic constriction of isolated pulmonary arteries. Rings were suspended in an organ bath filled with Krebs-Henseleit solution and isometric contractions were recorded continuously. Hypoxia (%95 N(2)-%5 CO(2)) had no marked effect on resting force in artery rings. However, hypoxia caused further contractions in serotonin-precontracted arteries. Hypoxia-induced vasoconstrictions were abolished by preincubation with NF-kappaB inhibitors, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (100 microM) or pyrithione (10 microM). These results suggest that reactive oxygen species and/or NF-kappaB activation may be involved in the hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction in sheep-isolated pulmonary arteries.

Protective effects of poly (ADP-ribose) synthase inhibitors on digoxin-induced cardiotoxicity in guinea-pig isolated hearts.

Reactive oxygen species, generated and released during digoxin-induced cardiotoxicity, can produce an activation of poly (ADP-ribose) synthase (PARS). Our objective was to examine the effects of PARS inhibitors, 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB ) and nicotinamide, on digoxin-induced arrhythmias in guinea-pig isolated hearts. 3-AB (0.1-0.3 mM) and nicotinamide (0.3 mM) were added to the perfusion solution starting 10 min before digoxin infusion (8 microg x ml (-1)min (-1)reaching the heart) and maintained throughout the experiments. Electrocardiograms and coronary perfusion pressure were recorded continuously, and digoxin-induced arrhythmias were determined. Nicotinamide markedly inhibited ventricular tachycardia (VT) incidence (from 100%, n= 7, to 29%, n= 7), and abolished ventricular fibrillation (VF) incidence. 3-AB (0.1 mM, n= 9) significantly decreased VT incidence from 100% ( n= 7) to 22% ( n= 9) and VF incidence from 86% ( n= 7) to 11% ( n= 9). Both nicotinamide and 3-AB (0.1 mM) markedly decreased number of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) and arrhythmia score. 3-AB at 0.3 mM ( n= 8) appeared to decrease the VT (to 63%) and VF incidence (to 38%), but these reductions did not reach statistically significance levels. Moreover, 3-AB at high concentration (0.3 mM) did not significantly modify the number of VEBs and arrhythmia score. There were no significant changes in coronary perfusion pressure, heart rate or pressure rate index measured at certain time points throughout the experiment in all groups. Our results suggest that PARS activation plays a role in the digitalis-induced cardiotoxicity in guinea-pig isolated hearts.

Role of G(s) proteins in hypoxic constriction of sheep pulmonary artery rings.

The introduction of hypoxia is well known to cause contraction of pulmonary artery rings in vitro. Despite intensive studies, the cellular mechanisms of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction are still not well defined. In this study, we aimed to determine the contribution of G(S) proteins in hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction in large-diameter sheep pulmonary arteries using cholera toxin (CT). Hypoxia caused further contractions in serotonin but not in NaF-precontracted pulmonary artery rings. However, hypoxic vasoconstriction due to lowering of pO(2) from 97 to 5 mm Hg was totally abolished by preincubation with CT in serotonin-precontracted arteries. These preliminary results indicate that signal transduction mediated by G(s) proteins may be an important mechanism in the hypoxic vasoconstriction of isolated pulmonary arteries of sheep.