The influence of microbiota on the development and course of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues.

An important feature of the functioning of the organs and tissues of the oral cavity is the fact that all processes that take place in it are carried out in the constant presence of various microorganisms that cause the development of pathological processes in the body or are associated with them. In the pathogenesis of chronic generalized periodontitis, dental plaque penetrates the bottom of the gingival sulcus, penetrating under the epithelium into the stroma of the connective tissue, causing its inflammation. Bacteria produce a number of toxic substances that have a toxic effect on surrounding tissues. Most bacteria produce chain fatty acids that inhibit chemotaxis of leukocytes and phagocytes. Anaerobes and spirochetes secrete a number of substances (propionic acid and indole) that are extremely toxic to most tissues. Inflammation in the periodontal tissues is caused by the microbiota of the dental plaque biofilm. As periodontitis develops, an increase in the number of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and T. forsythia was found in it, more than 100 times. Therefore, the given data prove that in the development and course of the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues, complex dysbiotic and tissue-cellular interactions are involved, the dynamic balance of which depends on its outcome.

Endogenous intoxication in development of experimental periodontitis of bacterial-immune genesis.

INTRODUCTION: Excessive lipoperoxidation is accompanied by accumulation of peroxidation products and depletion of antioxidant re-serves, which cause hyperenzymemia and the accumulation of toxic substances. The level of endotoxicosis is determined by the content of hydrophilic and hydrophobic products in the blood. AIM: To define the pathogenetic role of endogenous intoxication in the dynamics of development of experimental periodontitis of bacterial-immune genesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiment was conducted on rats. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1 - control group/intact; group 2 - model periodontitis at 7 days; group 3 - model periodontitis at 30 days. The experimental bacterial-immune periodon-titis was induced by injection into the tissue of the periodontal complex of the microorganisms' mixture diluted with egg's albumin. For the study, we selected the blood serum in which the content of middle molecular weight molecules and erythrocyte intoxication index were determined. The results were statistically analyzed by means of non-parametric indices methods. RESULTS: The development of generalized periodontitis is characterized by the occurrence of oxidative stress, which leads to violation of the metabolism in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity resulting in the accumulation of toxic products and the development of endogenous intoxication. The results show that the content of middle molecular weight molecules (aromatic amino and chain amino acids) determined on day 7 of the experiment was 1.11 times higher than that of the control group (p<0.01) and by 1.16 times (p<0.01), respectively. Comparing the levels of the above hydrophilic components of endogenous intoxication at 30 days of experimental peri-odontitis, we found a probable increase in these indicators compared with those at 7 days of the experiment. Studying the level of eryth-rocyte intoxication index, we found that at 7 days of experimental periodontitis this index was 1.28 times higher (p<0.01) than that of the intact group and continued to increase at 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: The dynamics of experimental periodontitis of bacterial-immune genesis show that the highest rates of endogenous intoxication are found in the late stages of the dynamics of the inflammatory process in the periodontium, namely at 30 days of the experiment, which may indicate chronic inflammation.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF PERIODONTAL COMPONENTS UNDER EXPERIMENTAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE PERIODONTITIS COMBINED WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: Investigate structural changes in the tissues of the periodontal complex under the condition of experimental lipopolysaccharide periodontitis combined with hyper¬thyroidism. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The studies were performed on adult white male rats, which simulated periodontitis combined with hyperthyroidism. Periodontal tissues were subjected to morphological examination on the 22nd day of the experiment. Collection of material for microscopic examinations was performed according to the generally accepted method; histological specimens were studied using a light optical microscope. RESULTS: Results: Morphological studies of the components of the periodontal complex of experimental animals with experimental periodontitis established the reorganization of its structural elements. Damage to the epithelium in the area of attachment of the circular ligament and erosive-ulcerative changes of the gums led to a deepening of the gingival sulcus with the formation of a deep periodontal pocket. Intense hyperkeratosis was observed in the area of the bottom of the periodontal pocket. In the own plate of the mucous membrane of the gums - significant edema, collagen fibers were disorganized, defragmented. There were pronounced destructive-degenerative and inflammatory changes of the epithelial and own plates of all areas of the gums and periodontium, damage to the nuclei and cytoplasm of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and leukocytes. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Experimental periodontitis combined with hyperthyroidism is accompanied by pronounced signs of destructive and inflammatory changes in the soft and dense tissues of the periodontal complex, as well as disruption of stromal-vascular interactions, which progress from reversible to irreversible disruption of periodontal connective tissue.

Biological compatibility of metal structures of dentures made from multiple melted alloys.

The issue of reuse of metal alloys in dentistry raises debatable questions about their impact on the human body. AIM: The aim of the study was the evaluation of the biocompatibility of metal structures of dentures made from cobalt-chromium and nickelchromium alloys Remanium GM 700 and Remanium CSe after repeated vacuum remelting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical study and treatment with fixed prostheses based on Remanium GM 700 and Remanium CSe were performed among 120 patients aged 25-60 years. The biocompatibility of the above-mentioned denture designs with oral tissues was studied. RESULTS: Prostheses made from Remanium GM 700 and Remanium CSe alloys are biologically indifferent, which is confirmed by the indicators of alkaline and acid phosphatase activity within the physiological norm. Regardless of the number of remelts, these alloys do not cause dysbacteriosis. The obtained results do not depend on the terms of observation, which indicates the safe use of remolten alloys for dental prosthetics. CONCLUSIONS: The investigated alloys are biocompatible and can be used for the manufacture of solid structures of dentures.

DYNAMICS OF CHANGES OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN LEVEL IN BLOOD SERUM IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL PERIODONTITIS AND THEIR CORRECTION BY FLAVONOL.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To study the value of C-reactive protein in the experimental animals blood serum with bacterial-immune periodontitis and its correction with quercetin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Modeling of periodontitis was performed by the following method: after thiopental anesthesia (at a dose of 40 mg / kg intramuscularly) rats were fixed. A subcostal injection of 0.01 ml of egg protein with cultures of Streptococcus hemolytic and Staphylococcus aureus at a dose of 4 CFU was performed in the area of periodontal tissues of the lower incisor as an initiating inflammatory factor. To enhance the immune process, a complete Freund's adjuvant was introduced into the animal's hind limb at the same time. RESULTS: Results: Analysis of the results of the study of the content of C-reactive protein in the blood serum of animals with experimental bacteria and immune periodontitis, receiving injections of quercetin, showed a significant decrease by 1.31 times, compared with animals with this simulated pathology on the 14th day of the experiment without the use of flavonol. When comparing this indicator on the 14th day of development of experimental periodontitis with correction, it was found that it remained slightly higher than the indicators of the intact group of rats. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The level of C-reactive protein in the blood serum of experimental animals is an important indicator of the immune-inflammatory response, which increases its activation of the inflammatory system. The administration of flavonoid quercetin for 7 days helps to reduce the level of C-reactive protein in the blood serum of animals with experimental bacterial and immune periodontitis.

CYTOKINOGENESIS DISORDERS IN MECHANISMS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PERODONTITIS DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR CORRECTION BY FLAVONOL.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: Evaluation of changes in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory units of the cytokine profile in the mechanisms of development of experimental bacterial-immune periodontitis and elucidation of the effect of flavonol quercetin on its parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Experimental periodontitis was caused by introducing into the tissues of the periodontal complex a mixture of microorganisms diluted with egg protein. In order to enhance the immune response, a complete Freund's adjuvant was injected into the rat's paw at the same time. For correction, intramuscular injections of water-soluble quercetin at a dose of 100 mg / kg body weight were performed for 7 days (7th to 14th day). RESULTS: Results: The use of flavonol quercetin led to a decrease in the serum content of experimental animals with pro-inflammatory cytokines. With regard to anti-inflammatory cytokines, their content in the blood of animals during the development of this simulated inflammatory process changed in the opposite direction. Quercetin effectively eliminated the imbalance of the immune system and increased the level of IL-10 and IL-4 in the serum. After injections of quercetin, the relation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the serum of animals on 14th day of the study was reduced compared to their content in rats that did not receive correction. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The formation and course of experimental bacterial-immune periodontitis is accompanied by a complex of pathological changes in immunocytokinogenesis, which is manifested by a progressive increase in serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and a decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines. Flavonol quercetin reduces the concentration of pro-inflammatory and increases the content of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

ANALYSIS OF THE ADVISABILITY OF USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF BASE PLASTICS BY STUDYING THE NEEDS OF THE POPULATION IN REMOVABLE PROSTHESIS.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To determine the needs of the population of the Ternopil region in prosthetics with removable orthopedic dentures and to study the physical and technological properties of different types of base plastics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The needs of Ternopil and Ternopil region population in removable prosthetics were studied on the basis of consolidated annual reports of city and district dental clinics of Ternopil region. Base dental plastics «Ftoraks¼ (Stoma, Ukraine) and «Villacryl H Plus¼ (Zermapol, Poland) were used to study the physical and mechanical properties (deformations during compression and tension). RESULTS: Results: As a result of our research, we found that the need of the Ternopil region population for removable prosthetics is quite high. When analyzing the choice of designs of removable laminar prostheses, it was found that 64.99 ± 0.14% of patients required the manufacture of partial removable dentures, and 35.01 ± 0.18% - complete removable dentures. A significant difference was found in the physical and technical characteristics of the samples of the studied plastics, which were polymerized by various methods. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Dental base plastic «Villacryl H Plus¼, which was packaged and polymerized by casting, has significantly higher physical and mechanical properties than dental base plastic «Ftoraks¼.

FEATURES OF OCCLUSAL CORRELATIONS OF MOLARS IN THE DENTAL CLINIC.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To study the odontoglific and odometometric parameters of molar crowns of the upper and lower jaws in males and females. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: To achieve the aim of the research was used odontoglyphic, odometometric and statistical methods of research. RESULTS: Results: We have found that male molars of the upper jaw are characterized by approximately the same ratio between the vestibular-palatal and mesial-distal diameters of the crown, so the teeth are square-formed. For female large angular teeth of the upper jaw the predominance of vestibular-palatal over mesial-distal diameters of the crown is characteristic, which results in an oval form of the teeth. On having analyzed the forms of the third lower molars, it can be affirmed that for this group of teeth various variational forms of crowns, from three- to five-tuber forms, are characteristic. Vestibular-lingual and mesio-distal sizes also vary according to the type of odontoglific pattern of occlusal crown surface. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: We consider it expedient to take into account the abovementioned characteristics of the masticatory surface of molars of the upper and lower jaws of male and female persons for the creation of qualitative orthopedic structures that would fully restore the masticatory function.

Intron length polymorphism of ß-tubulin genes of Aegilops biuncialis Vis.

Intron-specific DNA polymorphism is present among plant ß-tubulin gene family members and is considered to be one of the molecular markers based on the difference of tubulin introns length assayed both separately (TBP: 1st intron) or in combination (h-TBP: 1st and 2nd introns). These two approaches are possibly useful for wheat breeding programs, since TBP and h-TBP help to differentiate between the accessions of Aegilops biuncialis Vis., a wild relative of wheat. PCR-derived polymorphic fragments were resolved by PAGE electrophoresis. The length of amplicons varied significantly (395-3900 bp for TBP and 466-3440 bp for h-TBP), while the numbers of polymorphic bands were 21 for TBP and 23 for h-TBP, respectively. PIC mean value was circa 0.3. Dendrograms constructed on the basis of the Nei and Li coefficient with the high bootstrap support reveal a similar order of hierarchy for the samples analyzed using both methods. Thus, both techniques uncover DNA polymorphism level sufficiently high to distinguish different accessions of Ae. biuncialis Vis.

Effects of flavonol quercetin on activity of lipid peroxide oxidation in experimental bacterial-immune periodontitis.

The article presents the results of lipid peroxidation activity in blood serum, which were assessed on the base changes in the level of oxidative modification of proteins, TBA-active products, and total amount of nitrogen (II) oxide metabolites (NO2 - + NO3 -). Indices were determined on the 14th day of development in experimental periodontitis both without correction, and in condition treatment with a water-soluble flavonol quercetin (corvitin). The treated animals take intramuscular injections of corvitin in a dose 100 mg/kg weight for 7 days. For further testing, blood serum was selected. The results were statistically analyzed using parametric and non-parametric indices. In this investigation, characterized dynamics of changes in the indices of oxidative processes activity were revealed both during the period of formation and the course of periodontitis. In particular, it was found that, for the period of the most expressed inflammatory reaction in the periodontal complex, intensive increase in the level of reactive forms of oxygen. The treatment with flavonol quercetin for 7 days resulted in stabilization of free radical processes and the suppression of the inflammatory reaction.

Effects of quercetin on antioxidant potential in the experimental periodontitis development.

The results of experimental research of antioxidant system are presented in this article. Superoxide dismutase activity, catalase, and ceruloplasmin have been determined on the 7th and 14th days of experimental periodontitis development both without correction and with the injection of a water-soluble quercetin drug (corvitin). Hence, there was a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity, intensive increase in catalase activity, and ceruloplasmin maintenance in the blood serum during acute period of inflammatory process. The usage of flavonoid for 7  days resulted in stabilization of radical oxidation due to reduction of superoxide dismutase activity, maintenance at the high-level catalase activity, and ceruloplasmin concentration in the rat's blood plasma with experimental bacterial-immune periodontitis.

Oxidative modification of proteins in the process of experimental periodontitis development.

The article reveals patterns of changes in the parameters of oxidative modification of proteins for different periods of the inflammatory process in periodontal tissues during periodontitis. Biochemical researches of phenylhydrazones, aldehyde-, and ketone derivatives of neutral and basic proteins were determined in the blood of white rats on the 7th, 14th, and 30th days of the experimental periodontitis development, as well as in intact animals. The method for determination of the oxidative modification of proteins was based on the interaction of oxidized amino acid residues with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones. At the early stage of experimental periodontitis development, i.e., on the 7th day, an increase in the products of oxidative modification of proteins of basic and neutral nature was observed in the blood serum, but later, on the 14th day, this index changed in opposite direction, i.e., it began to decrease; however, it was higher relative to the intact group of animals. The obtained factual data evidence that under the conditions of experimental periodontitis formation, there is an intensive increase in the level of oxidative modification of proteins especially in the early period of the inflammatory process development.