Phosphoglycerate mutase regulates Treg differentiation through control of serine synthesis and one-carbon metabolism.

The differentiation and suppressive functions of regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) are supported by a broad array of metabolic changes, providing potential therapeutic targets for immune modulation. In this study, we focused on the regulatory role of glycolytic enzymes in Tregs and identified phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) as being differentially overexpressed in Tregs and associated with a highly suppressive phenotype. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of PGAM reduced Treg differentiation and suppressive function while reciprocally inducing markers of a pro-inflammatory, T helper 17 (Th17)-like state. The regulatory role of PGAM was dependent on the contribution of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG), the PGAM substrate, to de novo serine synthesis. Blocking de novo serine synthesis from 3PG reversed the effect of PGAM inhibition on Treg polarization, while exogenous serine directly inhibited Treg polarization. Additionally, altering serine levels in vivo with a serine/glycine-free diet increased peripheral Tregs and attenuated autoimmunity in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Mechanistically, we found that serine limits Treg polarization by contributing to one-carbon metabolism and methylation of Treg-associated genes. Inhibiting one-carbon metabolism increased Treg polarization and suppressive function both in vitro and in vivo in a murine model of autoimmune colitis. Our study identifies a novel physiologic role for PGAM and highlights the metabolic interconnectivity between glycolysis, serine synthesis, one-carbon metabolism, and epigenetic regulation of Treg differentiation and suppressive function.

Risk prediction of cholangitis after stent implantation based on machine learning.

The risk of cholangitis after ERCP implantation in malignant obstructive jaundice patients remains unknown. To develop models based on artificial intelligence methods to predict cholangitis risk more accurately, according to patients after stent implantation in patients' MOJ clinical data. This retrospective study included 218 patients with MOJ undergoing ERCP surgery. A total of 27 clinical variables were collected as input variables. Seven models (including univariate analysis and six machine learning models) were trained and tested for classified prediction. The model' performance was measured by AUROC. The RFT model demonstrated excellent performances with accuracies up to 0.86 and AUROC up to 0.87. Feature selection in RF and SHAP was similar, and the choice of the best variable subset produced a high performance with an AUROC up to 0.89. We have developed a hybrid machine learning model with better predictive performance than traditional LR prediction models, as well as other machine learning models for cholangitis based on simple clinical data. The model can assist doctors in clinical diagnosis, adopt reasonable treatment plans, and improve the survival rate of patients.

TPPB modulates PKC activity to attenuate neuroinflammation and ameliorate experimental multiple sclerosis.

Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in modulating the activities of the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A delicate balance between pro-inflammatory and regenerative activities by microglia and CNS-associated macrophages is necessary for the proper functioning of the CNS. Thus, a maladaptive activation of these CNS innate immune cells results in neurodegeneration and demyelination associated with various neurologic disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease. Prior studies have demonstrated that modulation of PKC activity by bryostatin-1 (bryo-1) and its analogs (bryologs) attenuates the pro-inflammatory processes by microglia/CNS macrophages and alleviates the neurologic symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS animal model. Here, we demonstrate that (2S,5S)-(E,E)-8-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2,4-pentadienoylamino)benzolactam (TPPB), a structurally distinct PKC modulator, has a similar effect to bryo-1 on CNS innate immune cells both in vitro and in vivo, attenuating neuroinflammation and resulting in CNS regeneration and repair. This study identifies a new structural class of PKC modulators, which can therapeutically target CNS innate immunity as a strategy to treat neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.

A Mendelian Randomization Study: Roles of Gut Microbiota in Sepsis - Who is the Angle?

Gut microbiota (GM) is a crucial underlying player during sepsis pathogenesis. However, the causal relationship is unclear and remains to be determined. A two-sample Mendelian randomization study was implemented. The statistical data about sepsis together with GM summarized from genome-wide association studies were evaluated. Instrumental variables were defined as single-nucleotide polymorphisms with prominent correlations with exposure. The inverse-variance-weighted test was employed as a major approach of Mendelian randomization analysis to estimate of causal relationships. The inverse-variance-weighted analysis results demonstrated that at different taxa levels, Actinobacteria and Bifidobacteriaceae influence sepsis. Actinobacteria had negative relationships to sepsis risk at the phylum (ß = -0.34, SE = 0.10, p = 0.0008) and class (ß = -0.23, SE = 0.07, p = 0.0011) levels in outcome coded ieu-b-69. Actinobacteria at the phylum level (ß = -0.22, SE = 0.10, p = 0.027) was also negatively associated with sepsis in outcome coded ieu-b-4980. Bifidobacteriaceae at the order (ß = -0.20, SE = 0.06, p = 0.0021), family (ß = -0.20, SE = 0.06, p = 0.0021), and genus (ß = -0.20, SE = 0.06, p = 0.0007) levels were all negatively correlated with the risk of sepsis in outcome coded ieu-b-69. The results of the Wald ratio model showed that Tyzzerella genus (OR (95%CI) = 0.6902[0.4907,0.9708], p = 0.0331) and Gastranaerophilales order (OR (95%CI) = 0.5907[0.3516,0.9926], p = 0.0468) were negatively connected with sepsis. This study implied at different taxa levels Actinobacteria and Bifidobacteriaceae, Tyzzerella genus, and Gastranaerophilales order have a causal relationship with sepsis, indicating that they are protective factors for the incidence of sepsis.

TPPB modulates PKC activity to attenuate neuroinflammation and ameliorate experimental multiple sclerosis.

Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in modulating the activities of the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A delicate balance between pro-inflammatory and regenerative activities by microglia and CNS-associated macrophages is necessary for the proper functioning of the CNS. Thus, a maladaptive activation of these CNS innate immune cells results in neurodegeneration and demyelination associated with various neurologic disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease. Prior studies have demonstrated that modulation of PKC activity by bryostatin-1 (bryo-1) and its analogs (bryologs) attenuates the pro-inflammatory processes by microglia/CNS macrophages and alleviates the neurologic symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS animal model. Here, we demonstrate that (2S,5S)-(E,E)-8-(5-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2,4-pentadienoylamino)benzolactam (TPPB), a structurally distinct PKC modulator, has a similar effect to bryo-1 on CNS innate immune cells both in vitro and in vivo, attenuating neuroinflammation and resulting in CNS regeneration and repair. This study identifies a new structural class of PKC modulators, which can therapeutically target CNS innate immunity as a strategy to treat neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.

PKC modulator bryostatin-1 therapeutically targets CNS innate immunity to attenuate neuroinflammation and promote remyelination.

In multiple sclerosis (MS), microglia and macrophages within the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in determining the balance between myelin repair and demyelination/neurodegeneration. Phagocytic and regenerative functions of these CNS innate immune cells support remyelination, whereas chronic and maladaptive inflammatory activation promotes lesion expansion and disability, particularly in the progressive forms of MS. No currently approved drugs convincingly target microglia and macrophages within the CNS, contributing to the critical lack of therapies promoting remyelination and slowing progression in MS. Here, we found that the protein kinase C (PKC)-modulating drug bryostatin-1 (bryo-1), a CNS-penetrant compound with an established human safety profile, produces a shift in microglia and CNS macrophage transcriptional programs from pro-inflammatory to regenerative phenotypes, both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of microglia with bryo-1 prevented the activation of neurotoxic astrocytes while stimulating scavenger pathways, phagocytosis, and secretion of factors that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. In line with these findings, systemic treatment with bryo-1 augmented remyelination following a focal demyelinating injury in vivo. Our results demonstrate the potential of bryo-1 and functionally related PKC modulators as myelin regenerative and neuroprotective agents in MS and other neurologic diseases through therapeutic targeting of microglia and CNS-associated macrophages.

Recent progress of self-immobilizing and self-precipitating molecular fluorescent probes for higher-spatial-resolution imaging.

Flourished in the past two decades, fluorescent probe technology provides researchers with accurate and efficient tools for in situ imaging of biomarkers in living cells and tissues and may play a significant role in clinical diagnosis and treatment such as biomarker detection, fluorescence imaging-guided surgery, and photothermal/photodynamic therapy. In situ imaging of biomarkers depends on the spatial resolution of molecular probes. Nevertheless, the majority of currently available molecular fluorescent probes suffer from the drawback of diffusing from the target region. This leads to a rapid attenuation of the fluorescent signal over time and a reduction in spatial resolution. Consequently, the diffused fluorescent signal cannot accurately reflect the in situ information of the target. Self-immobilizing and self-precipitating molecular fluorescent probes can be used to overcome this problem. These probes ensure that the fluorescent signal remains at the location where the signal is generated for a long time. In this review, we introduce the development history of the two types of probes and classify them in detail according to different design strategies. In addition, we compare their advantages and disadvantages, summarize some representative studies conducted in recent years, and propose prospects for this field.

Recent research progress in galactose-based fluorescent probes for detection of biomarkers of liver diseases.

The liver is the largest detoxification organ in the human body, with an array of functions that help support metabolism, immunity, digestion, and vitamin storage, among other functions, and maintains the health and stability of the internal environment. Liver injury causes the concentration fluctuation of related biomarkers, small molecules, and enzymes, and in turn, the structure and function of the liver are changed by those alterations. With the principles of early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment, it is crucial to design and synthesise a tool for detecting related biomarkers during liver damage and lesion, among which fluorescent probes have attracted attention in recent years. In the course of liver diseases, the asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) are overexpressed on the hepatoma cells, which can specifically recognize the galactose variant. Several galactose-based fluorescent probes have been developed to target hepatocytes via specific receptor-mediated endocytosis and release fluorophores after reacting with specific small molecules and enzyme biomarkers. The change in fluorescence intensity reflects the level of substances, such as reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, reactive sulfur species, enzymes or metal ions, etc. The application of fluorescent probes in vivo can aid in monitoring the dynamic changes of endogenous and exogenous biomarkers. This Highlight provides an update on the progress, limitations, and prospects of galactose-based fluorescent probes applications in the early diagnosis of liver diseases.

Construction and evaluation of a prognostic risk model of tumor metastasis-related genes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is a high-incidence cancer, and it is also the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. 80-85% of lung cancer cases can be classified as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: NSCLC transcriptome data and clinical information were downloaded from the TCGA database and GEO database. Firstly, we analyzed and identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between non-metastasis group and metastasis group of NSCLC in the TCGA database, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were consulted to explore the functions of the DEGs. Thereafter, univariate Cox regression and LASSO Cox regression algorithms were applied to identify prognostic metastasis-related signature, followed by the construction of the risk score model and nomogram for predicting the survival of NSCLC patients. GSEA analyzed that differentially expressed gene-related signaling pathways in the high-risk group and the low-risk group. The survival of NSCLC patients was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. ROC curve was plotted to evaluate the accuracy of the model. Finally, the GEO database was further applied to verify the metastasis­related prognostic signature. RESULTS: In total, 2058 DEGs were identified. GO functions and KEGG pathways analysis results showed that the DEGs mainly concentrated in epidermis development, skin development, and the pathway of Neuro active ligand -receptor interaction in cancer. A six-gene metastasis-related risk signature including C1QL2, FLNC, LUZP2, PRSS3, SPIC, and GRAMD1B was constructed to predict the overall survival of NSCLC patients. The reliability of the gene signature was verified in GSE13213. The NSCLC patients were grouped into low-risk and high-risk groups based on the median value of risk scores. And low-risk patients had lower risk scores and longer survival time. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression verified that this signature was an independent risk factor for NSCLC. CONCLUSION: Our study identified 6 metastasis biomarkers in the NSCLC. The biomarkers may contribute to individual risk estimation, survival prognosis.

A TCF-Based Carbon Monoxide NIR-Probe without the Interference of BSA and Its Application in Living Cells.

As toxic gaseous pollution, carbon monoxide (CO) plays an essential role in many pathological and physiological processes, well-known as the third gasotransmitter. Owning to the reducibility of CO, the Pd0-mediated Tsuji-Trost reaction has drawn much attention in CO detection in vitro and in vivo, using allyl ester and allyl ether caged fluorophores as probes and PdCl2 as co-probes. Because of its higher decaging reactivity than allyl ether in the Pd0-mediated Tsuji-Trost reaction, the allyl ester group is more popular in CO probe design. However, during the application of allyl ester caged probes, it was found that bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the fetal bovine serum (FBS), an irreplaceable nutrient in cell culture media, could hydrolyze the allyl ester bond, and thus give erroneous imaging results. In this work, dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran (TCF) and dicyanoisophorone (DCI) were selected as electron acceptors for constructing near-infrared-emission fluorophores with electron donor phenolic OH. An allyl ester and allyl ether group were installed onto TCF-OH and DCI-OH, constructing four potential CO fluorescent probes, TCF-ester, TCF-ether, DCI-ester, and DCI-ether. Our data revealed that ester bonds of TCF-ester and DCI-ester could completely hydrolyze in 20 min, but ether bonds in TCF-ether and DCI-ether tolerate the hydrolysis of BSA and no released fluorescence was observed even up to 2 h. Moreover, passing through the screen, it was concluded that TCF-ether is superior to DCI-ether due to its higher reactivity in a Pd0-mediated Tsuji-Trost reaction. Also, the large stokes shift of TCF-OH, absorption and emission at 408 nm and 618 nm respectively, make TCF-ether desirable for fluorescent imaging because of differentiating signals from the excitation light source. Lastly, TCF-ether has been successfully applied to the detection of CO in H9C2 cells.

Influence of periampullary diverticula on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

The present study aimed to explore the influence of the presence of periampullary diverticula (PAD) on the implementation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). A total of 388 patients with pancreaticobiliary disease who underwent ERCP for the first time between January 2017 and December 2018 were included and they were divided into a PAD group (n=179) and non-PAD (N-PAD) group (n=209) according to the presence or absence of PAD. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors for PAD. The prevalence of PAD in males was higher than that in females [odds ratio (OR)=2.250, 95% CI: 1.670-3.801]. The prevalence of PAD in patients with bile duct stone was 57.92% and higher than that in patients without stone (OR=4.475, 95% CI: 2.932-7.679). The morbidity of PAD in elderly patients with bile duct stone was higher than in those without stone (OR=6.728, 95% CI: 3.790-11.943). Among the elderly patients, the constituent ratio of males in the PAD group was higher than that in the N-PAD group (χ2=13.543, P<0.001). The constituent ratio of patients who underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) was lower than that in the N-PAD group (χ2=10.800, P<0.001). In conclusion, the occurrence of PAD was high in elderly males and closely related to the occurrence of bile duct stones.

LncRNA XIST/miR-137 axis strengthens chemo-resistance and glycolysis of colorectal cancer cells by hindering transformation from PKM2 to PKM1.

BACKGROUND: Glycolysis was an essential driver of chemo-resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC), albeit with limited molecular explanations. OBJECTIVE: We strived to elucidate the involvement of lncRNA XIST/miR-137/PKM axis in chemo-tolerance and glycolysis of CRC. METHODS: Altogether 212 pairs of tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues were collected from CRC patients. Moreover, human CRC epithelial cell lines, including HT29, SW480, SW620 and LoVo, were purchased in advance, and their activity was estimated after transfection of si-XIST or miR-137 mimic. Furthermore, 5-FU/cisplatin-resistance of CRC cells was determined through MTT assay, and glycolytic potential of CRC cells was appraised based on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). RESULTS: Highly-expressed XIST were predictive of severe symptoms and unfavorable 3-year survival of CRC patients (P< 0.05). Besides, silencing of XIST not only diminished proliferative, migratory and invasive power of CRC cells (P< 0.05), but also enhanced sensitivity of CRC cells responding to 5-FU/cisplatin (P< 0.05). Glycolytic potency of CRC cells was also undermined by si-XIST, with decreased maximal respiration and maximal glycolytic capacity in the si-XIST group as relative to NC group (P< 0.05). Nevertheless, miR-137 mimic attenuated the facilitating effect of pcDNA3.1-XIST on proliferation, migration, invasion, 5-FU/cisplatin-resistance and glycolysis of CRC cells (P< 0.05). Ultimately, ratio of PKM2 mRNA and PKM1 mRNA, despite being up-regulated by pcDNA3.1-XIST, was markedly lowered when miR-137 mimic was co-transfected (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LncRNA XIST/miR-137 axis reinforced glycolysis and chemo-tolerance of CRC by elevating PKM2/PKM1 ratio, providing an alternative to boost chemo-therapeutic efficacy of CRC patients.

Mir-488 alleviates chemoresistance and glycolysis of colorectal cancer by targeting PFKFB3.

BACKGROUND: Considering the boosting effect of glycolysis on tumor chemoresistance, this investigation aimed at exploring whether miR-488/PFKFB3 axis might reduce drug resistance of colorectal cancer (CRC) by affecting glycolysis, proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells. METHOD: Totally, 288 CRC patients were divided into metastasis/recurrence group (n = 107) and non-metastasis/recurrence group (n = 181) according to their prognosis about 1 year after the chemotherapy, and their 3-year overall survival was also tracked. Besides, miR-488 expression was determined in peripheral blood of CRC patients and also in CRC cell lines (ie, W620, HT-29, Lovo, and HCT116). The targeted relationship between miR-488 and PFKFB3 was predicted by Targetscan software and confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Moreover, glycolysis and drug tolerance of CRC cells lines were assessed. RESULTS: MiR-488 expression was significantly decreased in metastatic/recurrent CRC patients than those without metastasis/recurrence (P < .05), and lowly expressed miR-488 was suggestive of unfavorable 3-year survival, large tumor size, poor differentiation, in-depth infiltration, and advanced Duke stage of CRC patients (P < .05). Besides, CRC cell lines transfected by miR-488 mimic demonstrated decreases in glucose uptake and lactate secretion, increases in oxaliplatin/5-Fu-sensistivity, as well as diminished capability of proliferating, invading, and migratory (P < .05), which were reversible by extra transfection of pcDNA3.1-PFKFB3 (ie, miR-488 mimic + pcDNA3.1-PFKFB3 group). Finally, the mRNA level of PFKFB3 was down-regulated by miR-488 mimic in CRC cell lines after being targeted by it (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The miR-488/PFKFB3 axis might clinically refine chemotherapeutic efficacy of CRC, given its modifying glycolysis and metastasis of CRC cells.

Aloperine can reverse the cisplatin resistance of colorectal cancer cells via suppressing the HIF-1α/ERK signaling pathway.

Background: Aloperine can exert antitumor effects in colorectal cancer; however, it remains obscure whether aloperine can reverse the cisplatin resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). Objective: To explore the roles of aloperine in the chemosensitivity of the DDP-resistant colorectal cancer cell line HT-29 (HT-29/DDP) and the related mechanism. Results: Aloperine can inhibit the proliferation of both HT-29 and HT-29/DDP cells in a dose-dependent manner; moreover, aloperine can significantly increase the sensitivity of HT-29/DDP cells to DDP; finally, HIF-1α and p-ERK was upregulated in HT-29/DDP cells and transient over-expression of HIF-1α has blocked aloperine+DDP induced anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on HT-29/DDP cells. Conclusion: We are reporting for the first time that aloperine can increase the sensitivity of HT-29/DDP cells to DDP and reverse cisplatin resistance via downregulating the HIF-1α /ERK signaling pathway.

MicroRNA-34a regulates proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by targeting silent information regulator 1.

The present study aimed to identify whether microRNA (miRNA/miR)-34a regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by targeting silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1). The expression of miR-34a and SIRT1 and cell viability was investigated in gastric cancer cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was applied to determine miR-34a expression in gastric adenocarcinoma, normal pericarcinomatous tissues, human normal gastric mucosa epithelial cell line GES and various gastric cancer cell strains. A bioinformatics method was then used to predict the target gene of miR-34a. A human miR-34a over expression lentiviral vector system was constructed and then used for transfection of the gastric cancer cell line SCG-7901 to determine the expression of SIRT1 mRNA and SIRT1 protein using RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. The MTT method and flow cytometry was used to measure cell proliferation and apoptosis. The relative expression of miR-34a in gastric cancer tissues was significantly decreased compared with that in normal tissues (P<0.01). miR-34a expression was also significantly decreased in low differentiated N2, N3 gastric cancer tissues (P<0.01). However, tumor size and filtration degree were not significantly associated with miR-34a expression. The relative expression of miR-34a was decreased in gastric cancer cells, especially in the SGC-7901 cell line (P<0.01) compared with the GES group. The relative expression of SIRT1 protein was decreased in the miR-34a group compared with the negative control (P<0.01). The rate of proliferation was significantly decreased, whereas the rate of apoptosis was significantly increased in the miR-34a group compared with the NC group (P<0.01). Therefore, the present results suggested that miRNA-34a serves a pivotal role in gastric cancer as a cancer suppressor gene by targeting SIRT1 to regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells.

NEDD4 promotes cell growth and motility in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. In China, the situation is even worse as cancer incidence and mortality continue to increase rapidly. Although tremendous progress has been made toward HCC treatments, the benefits for liver cancer patients are still limited. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and develop novel therapeutic methods. Neuronally expressed developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, plays a critical role in the development and progression of various types of human cancers. In our study, NEDD4 acts as an oncoprotein in both QGY7703 and SMMC7721 liver cancer cell lines. We found that depletion of NEDD4 by siRNA transfection led to inhibition of cell growth, invasion and migration, and promotion of apoptosis. In contrast, overexpression of NEDD4 via plasmid transfection resulted in facilitated cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and decreased apoptosis. Importantly, we observed that tumor suppressor LATS1, also a core component of Hippo pathway, was negatively regulated by NEDD4 in liver cancer cells. Our findings suggested that NEDD4 may be involved in the HCC progression via regulating LATS1 associated signaling pathway. Therefore, targeting NEDD4-LATS1 signaling could be a potential therapeutic option for HCC treatment.

Intravesical treatment for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: a network meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the submucosal and muscular layers of the bladder. So far, there is no effective and targeted treatment strategy for IC/PBS. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of intravesical instillation treatment in IC/PBS patients. METHODS: We searched various databases up to October 2015. A network meta-analysis was performed to compare global response assessment (GRA) for different treatment strategies, including botulinum toxin A (BoNTA), bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), resiniferatoxin (RTX), lidocaine, chondroitin sulfate (CS), oxybutynin, and pentosan polysulfate (PPS). A traditional meta-analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Sixteen trials evaluating 905 patients were included. Network meta-analysis indicated that BoNTA had the highest probability of being the best treatment course according to GRA assessment results (probability 81.7 %). BCG or BoNTA therapy yielded significant improvement in GRA incidence according to traditional meta-analysis. Patients who received PPS showed higher urinary frequency results compared with the placebo groups. BCG- and PPS-treated patients had elevated urinary urgency treatment effects compared with placebo groups. Bladder capacity restoration results also showed significant improvements in patients who received BoNTA compared with placebo-treated individuals. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that BoNTA therapy has the highest probability of being the best therapy according to GRA, and significantly improves bladder capacity in IC/PBS patients. BCG treatment also significantly increases the incidence of GRA and improves the symptoms of urinary urgency. PPS can significantly improve urinary frequency and urgency symptoms in IC/PBS patients.

Synergistic effect of the combination of nanoparticulate Fe3O4 and Au with daunomycin on K562/A02 cells.

In this study, we have explored the possibility of the combination of the high reactivity of nano Fe3O4 or Au nanoparticles and daunomycin, one of the most important antitumor drugs in the treatment of acute leukemia clinically, to inhibit MDR of K562/A02 cells. Initially, to determine whether the magnetic nanoparticle Fe3O4 and Au can facilitate the anticancer drug to reverse the resistance of cancer cells, we have explored the cytotoxic effect of daunomycin (DNR) with and without the magnetic nano-Fe3O4 or nano-Au on K562 and K562/A02 cells by MTT assay. Besides, the intracellular DNR concentration and apoptosis of the K562/A02 cells was further investigated by flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopic studies. The MDR1 gene expression of the K562/A02 cells was also studied by RT-PCR method. Our results indicate that 5.0 x 10(-7) M nano-Fe3O4 or 2.0 x 10(-8) M nano-Au is biocompatible and can apparently raise the intracellular DNR accumulation of the K562/A02 cells and increase the apoptosis of tumor cells. Moreover, our observations illustrate that although these two kinds of nanoparticles themselves could not lower the MDRI gene expression of the K562/A02 cells, yet they could degrade the MDR1 gene level when combining with anticancer drug DNR. This raises the possibility to combine the nano-Fe3O4 or nano-Au with DNR to reverse the drug resistance of K562/A02 cells, which could offer a new strategy for the promising efficient chemotherapy of the leukemia patients.

[Effect of recipient mouse splenocytes taken orally by donor mouse on GVHD after splenocyte transplantation].

This study was aimed to explore whether the GVHD in mice can be ameliorated and the GVL effect in mice can be reserved by transfusion of lymphocytes of donors fed with recipient splenocytes effect. Male (DBA-2) mice (H-2(d)) as donors were fed with BALB/c splenocytes, DBA-2 splenocytes, bovine serum albumin, or regular chow, every other day. Induction of tolerance was assessed by a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Female (BALB/c) mice (H-2(d)) as recipients received total body irradiation (TBI) of 6.0 Gy ((60)Cogamma-ray) followed by inoculation of 3 x 10(3) P388 mouse leukemia cells on the same day. Subsequently, tail vein injection of 2 x 10(7) splenocytes supplied by DBA-2 was undertaken. Control groups were fed identically without leukemia cell inoculation. The results showed that GVHD was significantly ameliorated and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio increased in recipient-mice transplanted with splenocytes of tolerated donors, compared with control animals. There was no significant difference in survival rate between different groups of recipients inoculated with leukemia cell. It is concluded that the peroral recipient-mouse splenocytes can ameliorate GVHD without hampering effect on GVL.

[Selective elimination of alloreactive donor lymphocytes by using TBI and cyclophosphamide].

This study was aimed to investigate a new method of avoiding graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) through selective elimination of alloreactive donor lymphocytes by using total body irradiation (TBI) and cyclophosphamide (Cy). Female (BALB/c x C57BL/6) F1 mice (H-2(d/b)) as recipients received (60)Co gamma-ray sublethal TBI of 4 Gy on day 0 followed by being inoculated with P388D1 leukemia cell line on day 1, injection of allogeneic splenocytes from C57BL/6 male mice (H-2(b)) was carried out for induction of graft-vs-leukemia (GVL) effect prior to stem cell transplantation (SCT), intraperitoneally injection of cyclophosphamide (Cy) (200 mg/kg) and TBI (9 Gy) was given on day 6. One day later, treated mice were rescued with bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells from (BALB/c x C57BL/6) F1 male mice (H-2(d/b)). The results showed that recipients had no occurrence of leukemia and GVHD through selective elimination of alloreactive donor lymphocytes by Cy and TBI, survived more than 210 days, the complete-donor chimerism occurred on day 21 after transplantation. The ratio of chimerism descended subsequently, but still displayed mixed-chimerism at 90 days. Control mice died of GVHD, leukemia or other death-related-transplantation within 20 to 36 days (P<0.01). It is concluded that to induce GVL effects by MHC mismatched splenocytes given before syngeneic bone marrow transplantation followed by selective elimination of alloreactive donor lymphocytes through TBI and Cy, graft-vs-host disease was thus avoided.