Extensible carbon emission factor database: empirical study for the Chinese construction industry.

A carbon emission factor (CEF) database is required for the basis of carbon emission calculation in construction projects. However, the default values for existing CEF databases cannot cover the complex resources involved in a construction project. Therefore, this paper proposes a three-step method to guide the establishment of an extensible CEF database for the construction industry, including (1) data collection and parser, (2) data extension, and (3) data encoding and storage. The data extension mechanisms provide the supply chain perspective considering temporal issues and the accounting perspective to streamline the process. Aiming to address the lack of a comprehensive CEF database for the construction industry in China, this paper uses this method to establish a carbon emission factor database for the Chinese construction industry (CEFD for CCI). This database is open and free with 646 CEFs, including five parts: energy, human, material, machinery, and greenspace. This paper provides a way for developing and less developed countries to establish an expandable CEF database, which benefits the parser, extension, encoding, and storage of new resources, as well as computer access.

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of golidocitinib, a highly selective JAK1 inhibitor, in healthy adult participants.

Background: Golidocitinib is an orally available, potent and highly selective JAK (Janus kinase)-1 inhibitor of JAK/STAT3 signaling under clinical development for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. The objectives of the two reported studies were to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and tolerability of golidocitinib in healthy Chinese participants as compared to those healthy Western participants, as well as the food effect exploration. Methods: Two phase I studies (JACKPOT2 and JACKPOT3) were conducted in USA and China, respectively. In JACKPOT2 study, participants were randomized into placebo or golidocitinib arm in single-ascending dose cohorts (5 - 150 mg) and multiple-ascending dose cohorts (25 - 100 mg, once daily) for 14 days. In the food effect cohort, golidocitinib (50 mg) was administrated shortly after a high-fat meal (fed conditions) as compared to under fasting conditions. In JACKPOT3 study conducted in China, participants were randomized to placebo or golidocitinib arm in single-ascending dose cohorts (25 - 150 mg). Results: Exposure of golidocitinib generally increased in a dose-proportional manner across a dose range of 5 mg to 150 mg (single dose) and 25 mg to 100 mg (once daily). High-fat food did not alter the PK of golidocitinib with statistical significance. Low plasma clearance and extensive volume of distribution characterizes PK of golidoctinib, and long half-life across the dose levels supported once daily dosing. The inter-ethnic difference in primary PK parameters was evaluated. The result suggested slightly higher peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) but comparable area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was observed in Asian (Chinese) subjects as compared to Caucasian and/or Black subjects, while it was not considered clinically relevant. Golidocitinib was well tolerated without Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 3 or higher drug-related treatment emergent adverse events (TEAE) reported. Conclusion: No noticeable inter-ethnic difference was observed among Asian, Black, and Caucasian healthy subjects in anticipation of the favorable PK properties of golidocitinib. The effect of food on the bioavailability of golidocitinib was minor following a single oral administration of 50 mg. These data guided to use the same dose and regimen for multinational clinical development. Clinical trial registrations: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03728023?term=NCT03728023&draw=2&rank=1, identifier (NCT03728023); http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/clinicaltrials.searchlistdetail.dhtml, identifier (CTR20191011).

Systematic analysis of the coordination degree of China's economy-ecological environment system and its influencing factor.

In order to achieve a sustainable development of economy and ecological environment, starting from the systemic thinking and systemic approach, this paper regards China's economic development and ecological environment protection as a whole system. Firstly, the negative index of M2 is introduced to correct the GDP bubble, and constructed the architecture model of the economy-ecological environment system. Then, this research establishes an evaluation index system using the analytic hierarchy process and Yaahp software and obtains its comprehensive evaluation value. After that, this research builds the Lotka-Volterra coordination degree model and uses the China data from 1997-2016 to analyze the mutual influencing factors and coupling coordination degree, and carries out the empirical and experimental tests to obtain the overall coordination relationship between economy and ecological environment systems. The results of the study show that the trend of economy-ecological environment coordination degree in China has changed from relatively coordinated to moderately uncoordinated in the latter 20 years; the coordination degree decreased from 0.8996 to 0.4842. Although, the situation has a rebound in the latter 2 years, the situation is still not optimistic. In addition, even the modified model of economic subsystem plus M2 did not change the original changing trend, and only changed the magnitude of the gap, thus revealing that the imbalance of economic development is much more serious than the impact of overissue currency on the ecological environment. This study provides a new basis for research decisions such as the adjustment of the economic growth rate and the optimization of ecological environment.

A randomised, open-labelstudy of insulin glargine or neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin in Chinese paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to describe the safety and efficacy of insulin glargine in Chinese paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin was the reference therapy. METHODS: This open-label, randomised, Phase III study was conducted at 10 sites in China. Children aged ≥6 to <18 years with T1DM were randomised (2:1) to insulin glargine or NPH insulin asbasal insulinfor a 24-week treatment period. For all patients, insulin aspart was given as bolus insulin. The primary endpoint was absolute change in glycated haemoglobin(HbA1c) from baseline to Week 24. Secondary endpoints included the percentage of patients reaching HbA1c <7.5% (<58.5 mmol/mol), and safety. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01223131). RESULTS: In total,196 patients were screened, and 162 were randomised (107 and 55 patients were randomised to insulin glargine and NPH insulin, respectively). The mean ± SD of absolute change in HbA1c was-0.25 ± 1.68% (-2.69 ± 18.32 mmol/mol) in the insulin glargine group and -0.54 ± 1.67% (-5.55 ± 20.32 mmol/mol) in the NPH insulin group. At Week 24, 18.7 and 21.6% of patients in the insulin glargine and NPH insulin groups achieved HbA1c <7.5% (<58.5 mmol/mol). Both treatments were generally well tolerated. A numerically lower rate of symptomatic hypoglycaemia per patient year was observed for insulin glargine versus NPH insulin (24.3 ± 45.8 versus32.3 ± 43.2); severe hypoglycaemia was rare (<2%). CONCLUSIONS: Initiation of insulin glargine can aid Chinese paediatric patients with T1DM to safely reduce their HbA1c levels.