Human Papillomavirus Carcinogenicity and the Need of New Perspectives: Thoughts from a Retrospective Analysis on Human Papillomavirus Outcomes Conducted at the Hospital University of Bari, Apulia, Italy, between 2011 and 2022.

BACKGROUND: The current manuscript's aim was to determine the human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype-specific prevalence and distribution among individuals, males, and females, of different ages in the region of Apulia, Italy, highlighting the possible variables involved in the carcinogenicity mechanism. In addition, we proposed two hypothetical models of HPV's molecular dynamics, intending to clarify the impact of prevention and therapeutic strategies, explicitly modeled by recent survey data. METHODS: We presented clinical data from 9647 participants tested for either high-risk (HR) or low-risk (LR) HPV at the affiliated Bari Policlinic University Hospital of Bari from 2011 to 2022. HPV DNA detection was performed using nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplex real-time PCR assay. Statistical analysis showed significant associations for all genders and ages and both HR- and LR-HPV types. A major number of significant pairwise associations were detected for the higher-risk types and females and lower-risk types and males. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HPV was 50.5% (n-4.869) vs. 49.5% (n-4.778) of the study population, of which 74.4% (n-3621) were found to be HPV high-risk (HR-HPV) genotypes and 57.7% (n-2.807) low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) genotypes, of which males were 58% and females 49%; the three most prevalent HR-HPV genotypes were HPV 53 (n707-15%), 16 (n704-14%), and 31 (n589-12%), and for LR-HPV, they were 42 (19%), 6 (16%), and 54 (13%); 56% of patients screened for HPV were ≤ 30 years old, 53% were between 31 and 40 years old, 46% were 41-50 and 51-60 years old, and finally, 44% of subjects were >60 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided comprehensive epidemiological data on HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among 9647 participants, which could serve as a significant reference for clinical practice, and it implied the necessity for more effective screening methods for HPV carcinogenesis covering the use of more specific molecular investigations. Although this is a predominantly descriptive and epidemiological study, the data obtained offer not only a fairly unique trend compared to other studies of different realities and latitudes but also lead us to focus on the HPV infection within two groups of young people and adults and hypothesize the possible involvement of dysbiosis, stem cells, and the retrotransposition mechanism.

Looking for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia treatment: in vitro activity of ceftazidime/avibactam alone and in combination with aztreonam.

During the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S.maltophilia) secondary pulmonary infections have increased, especially in critically ill patients, highlighting the need for new therapeutic options. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) is the treatment of choice but the increase of resistant strains or adverse drug reactions limited its clinical use. Recently ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA) has been approved for the treatment of multi drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria infections, including hospital acquired pneumonia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA) alone and in combination with aztreonam (ATM) against S. maltophilia clinical isolates by E-test method. Susceptibility of SXT and levofloxacin (LEV) was also investigated. Our results showed 22% of resistance to CZA, 2% to SXT and 26% to LEV. CZA in combination with ATM demonstrated synergistic activity against 86% of the strains, including all those resistant to CZA. The combination of CZA with ATM provides a new therapeutic option for the treatment of severe respiratory infections in critically ill patients.

Loading dose plus continuous/extended infusion versus intermittent bolus of ß-lactams for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria bloodstream infections: a propensity score-adjusted retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Optimal ß-lactam dosing for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria bloodstream infections (GNB-BSIs) remains a debated issue. Herein, the efficacy and safety of a loading dose (LD) followed by extended/continuous infusion (EI/CI) versus intermittent bolus (IB) of these drugs for the treatment of GNB-BSIs was evaluated. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study enrolling patients with GNB-BSIs treated with ß-lactams from 1 October 2020 to 31 March 2022. The 30 day infection-related mortality rate was assessed with Cox regression, while mortality risk reduction was evaluated by an inverse probability of treatment weighting regression adjustment (IPTW-RA) model. RESULTS: Overall, 224 patients were enrolled: 140 and 84 in the IB and EI/CI groups, respectively. ß-Lactam regimens were chosen according to pathogen antibiogram, clinical judgement and current guidelines. Interestingly, the LD + EI/CI regimen was associated with a significant lower mortality rate (17% versus 32%, P = 0.011). Similarly, ß-lactam LD + EI/CI was significantly associated with a reduced risk of mortality at multivariable Cox regression [adjusted HR (aHR) = 0.46; 95%CI = 0.22-0.98; P = 0.046]. Finally, the IPTW-RA (adjusted for multiple covariates) was performed, showing a significant risk reduction in the overall population [-14% (95% CI = -23% to -5%)]; at the subgroup restricted analysis, a significant risk reduction (>15%) was observed in the case of GNB-BSI in severely immunocompromised patients (P = 0.003), for SOFA score > 6 (P = 0.014) and in septic shock (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: The use of LD + EI/CI of ß-lactams in patients with a GNB-BSI may be associated with reduced mortality; also in patients with severe presentation of infection or with additional risk factors, such as immunodepression.

Impact of a Multistep Bundles Intervention in the Management and Outcome of Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections: A Single-Center "Proof-of-Concept" Study.

Background: This is a "proof-of-concept" study aiming to evaluate the impact of a multistep bundles intervention in the management and outcomes of patients with gram-negative bloodstream infections (GN-BSIs). Methods: This was a single-center, quasi-experimental design study. In the pre-phase (January 2019 to May 2020), patients were retrospectively enrolled. During the post-phase (June 2020 to September 2021), all patients were prospectively enrolled in a nonmandatory 3-step bundles intervention arm including (i) step 1: imaging to detect deep foci of infection, follow-up blood cultures and procalcitonin monitoring; (ii) step 2: early targeted antibiotic treatment and surgical source control; (iii) step 3: discontinuation of antibiotics within 7-10 days in case of uncomplicated BSI. Patients were followed up to 28 days from BSI onset. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Results: A total of 271 patients were enrolled: 127 and 144 in the pre- vs post-phase, respectively. Full application of step 1 (67% vs 42%; P < .001), step 2 (83% vs 72%; P = .031), and step 3 (54% vs 2%; P < .001) increased in the post-phase. Overall, the intervention reduced 28-day mortality (22% vs 35%, respectively; P = .016) and the median duration of total (11 vs 15 days; P < .001) and targeted (8 vs 12 days; P = .001) antibiotic therapy. Finally, the multivariate Cox regression confirmed the independent protective effect of adherence to step 1 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.36; 95% CI, 0.20-0.63) and step 2 (aHR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29-0.81) on risk of 28-day mortality. Conclusions: Clinical management and outcomes of patients with GN-BSIs may be improved by providing a pre-established multistep bundles intervention.