Highly structured genetic diversity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis population in Djibouti.

Djibouti is an East African country with a high tuberculosis incidence. This study was conducted over a 2-month period in Djibouti, during which 62 consecutive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) were included. Genetic characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit variable-number tandem-repeat typing and spoligotyping, was performed. The genetic and phylogenetic analysis revealed only three major families (Central Asian, East African Indian and T). The high diversity and linkage disequilibrium within each family suggest a long period of clonal evolution. A Bayesian approach shows that the phylogenetic structure observed in our sample of 62 isolates is very likely to be representative of the phylogenetic structure of the M. tuberculosis population in the total number of TB cases.

[Characterisation of viral agents with potential to cause diarrhea in Djibouti]. / Caractérisation des virus agents potentiels des diarrhées chez l'adulte à Djibouti.

Due to limited laboratory facilities in the tropics, the exact role of enteric viruses in causing diarrhea among adults in the tropics is unknown. The purpose of this report is to describe a multicenter study undertaken in Djibouti to determine the prevalence of a large panel of enteric viruses using immunochromatography; antigenic detection by ELISA, RT-PCR cellular inoculation, sequence analysis; and indirect serology. Study samples were collected from 108 patients presenting acute and sporadic diarrhea. Although they are well known causes of diarrhea in children, rotavirus and adenovirus were identified in only 2 and 5% of adults respectively. In contrast human caliciviruses (HuCVs) and enterovirus were identified in 25 and 42% of adult cases respectively. Uncommon genotypes of HuCVs and recombinant forms (junction pol/l cap) as well as a significant number of sapovirus (30%) were identified. Further study is needed to clarify the role of enterovirus (echovirus) in the etiology of acute diarrhea in adults. No polivirus was identified. These new data from the Horn of Africa increase our knowledge about the epidemiology of acute infectious diarrhea that is a major public health problem and potential danger for travelers.

Caracterisation des virus agents potentiels des diarrhees chez l'adulte a Djibouti

Chez l'adulte; en zone tropicale; la part exacte des virus enteriques dans les diarrhees infectieuses aigues; demeure inconnue faute de moyens diagnostiques. Une etude multicentrique a permis de preciser la prevalence virale; chez des patients presentant des diarrhees aigues sporadiques a Djibouti. A partir d'un echantillon de 108 sujets; un large panel de virus enteriques a ete recherche par immunochromatographie; detection antigenique en ELISA immunocapture; RT-PCR; inoculation sur cellules permissives; analyse de sequences; et methodes indirectes en serologie. Les rotavirus et adenovirus agents principaux des gastroenterites chez l'enfant representent respectivement 2 et 5des cas. Les astrovirus; 5des cas. En revanche; les calicivirus humains (HuCVs) et enterovirus sont retrouves dans 25et 42des cas respectivement. Des genotypes inhabituels de HuCVs et des formes recombinantes (jonction pol / cap) ont ete mis en evidence; ainsi qu'un nombre relatif eleve de sapovirus (30). La participation des enterovirus (echovirus) dans l'etiologie des diarrhees sporadiques de l'adultemerite d'etre approfondie.Aucune souche de poliovirus n'a etemise en evidence. Ces nouvelles donnees concernant la Corne de l'Afrique renforcent nos connaissances epidemiologiques sur les diarrhees infectieuses aigues; probleme majeur de sante publique; et danger potentiel pour les voyageurs

Caracterisation des virus agents potentiels des diarrhees chez l'adulte a Djibouti

Chez l'adulte; en zone tropicale; la part exacte des virus enteriques dans les diarrhees infectieuses aigues; demeure inconnue faute de moyens diagnostiques. Une etude multicentrique a permis de preciser la prevalence virale; chez des patients presentant des diarrhees aigues sporadiques a Djibouti. A partir d'un echantillon de 108 sujets; un large panel de virus enteriques a ete recherche par immunochromatographie; detection antigenique en ELISA immunocapture; RT-PCR; inoculation sur cellules permissives; analyse de sequences; et methodes indirectes en serologie. Les rotavirus et adenovirus agents principaux des gastroenterites chez l'enfant representent respectivement 2 et 5des cas. Les astrovirus; 5des cas. En revanche; les calicivirus humains (HuCVs) et enterovirus sont retrouves dans 25 et 42des cas respectivement. Des genotypes inhabituels de HuCVs et des formes recombinantes (jonction pol / cap) ont ete mis en evidence; ainsi qu'un nombre relatif eleve de sapovirus (30). La participation des enterovirus (echovirus) dans l'etiologie des diarrhees sporadiques de l'adulte merite d'etre approfondie.Aucune souche de poliovirus n'a ete mise en evidence. Ces nouvelles donnees concernant la Corne de l'Afrique renforcent nos connaissances epidemiologiques sur les diarrhees infectieuses aigues; probleme majeur de sante publique; et danger potentiel pour les voyageurs

[Inter-laboratory reproducibility of pulsed-field electrophoresis for the study of 12 types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. / Reproductibilité inter-laboratoire de l'électrophorèse en champ pulsé dans l'étude de 12 souches de Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The increasing hospital-to-hospital transmission of multiple drug-resistant bacteria is a major concern for bacteriology laboratories involved in nosocomial infection control. The interlaboratory reproducibility of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa typing was evaluated by asking four hospital laboratories (two in Lyon, one in Brest, and one in Marseille) to study 11 P. aeruginosa isolates, some of which were epidemiologically related, and the reference strain ATCC 27853. Two laboratories used the Genepath system, one the Chef DR II, system, and one the Chef Mapper system, Bio-Rad, restriction/Spe I. Profiles were read visually and by computerized comparison of restriction band molecular weights (Taxotron, software, PAD Grimont, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France). These two methods led to similar epidemiological conclusions. However, centralization of the data showed poor center-to-center reproducibility due to inadequate standardization of the procedure.