Sensory over-responsivity and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Measuring habituation and sensitivity through self-report, physiological and behavioral indices.

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may report Sensory Over Responsivity (SOR), but evidence for specific shared mechanism is limited. This study investigated a habituation-sensitivity mechanism in individuals with OCD (n = 30). Sensory habituation and sensitivity were compared with a neurotypical sample, divided to high (n = 30) and low (n = 30) obsessive-compulsive symptoms (HOCS and LOCS). Participants completed self-report sensory questionnaires and a physiological protocol measuring Electro Dermal Activity (EDA) while presenting aversive and neutral sounds in two conditions: Aversive stimuli followed by neutral stimuli (AVfirst), or neutral stimuli followed by aversive stimuli (NEfirst). In addition, participants could shorten the stimulus duration by pressing a key. LOCS differed from HOCS and OCD in most sensory self-report scores, with no significant difference between OCD and HOCS. HOCS had no significant differences in habituation patterns across conditions, while OCD had no differences in habituation patterns in AVfirst (p = .08) but significantly slower habituation patterns to the NEfirst neutral stimuli (p < .001). Condition order determined sensitivity for LOCS (AVfirst p = .017; NEfirst p = .045) but not for OCD and HOCS. HOCS and OCD shortened aversive stimuli by key pressing more than LOCS, with no significant difference between OCD and HOCS. The habituation process of individuals with OCD and HOCS was more influenced by stimulus type than by condition order, which might be due to a cognitive bias of prediction. Individuals with elevated OCS have difficulty relying upon sensory input to respond adaptively to the environment. This process can explain the avoidant behavior and complains of individuals with OCD not being able to ignore and to habituate to the sensory environment. These evidence warrants design of psychoeducation and intervention methods for relying on prior sensory information to improve functioning in individuals with OCD and SOR.

Schema Therapy in Sex Therapy: A Theoretical Conceptualization.

Schema therapy is an integrative approach of psychotherapy developed by Jeffrey E. Young. Its aim is to help clients explore and understand their deep emotional needs and meet them in a healthy manner. It is suitable for complex pathologies, such as comorbidities and personality disorders. In sex therapy, schema therapy can serve as a method for a deep, evidence-based, integrative conceptualization of a client's difficulties and needs. However, its principles have never been demonstrated in sex therapy. In this paper, we briefly review schema therapy and introduce schema domains. We bring a case study of a couple undergoing sex therapy from the cognitive-behavioral perspective. We then return to the same case study, in order to demonstrate the usefulness of a schema therapy conceptualization.