Correction of radiographic measurements of acetabular cup wear for variations in pelvis orientation.

Radiographic measurement of two-dimensional acetabular cup wear is usually carried out on a series of follow-up radiographs of the patient's pelvis. Since the orientation of the pelvis might not be consistent at every X-ray examination, the resulting change in view of the wear plane introduces error into the linear wear measurement. This effect is amplified on some designs of cup in which the centre of the socket is several millimetres below the centre of the cup or circular wire marker. This study describes the formulation of a mathematical method to correct radiographic wear measurements for changes in pelvis orientation. A mathematical simulation of changes in cup orientation and wear vectors caused by pelvic tilt was used to confirm that the formulae corrected the wear exactly if the radiographic plane of the reference radiograph was parallel to the true plane of wear. An error analysis showed that even when the true wear plane was not parallel to the reference radiographic plane, the formulae could still provide a useful correction. A published correction formula was found to be ineffective.

Validation of a new 2-D technique for radiographic wear measurement of cemented, highly cross-linked polyethylene acetabular cups.

A new 2-D radiographic wear measurement system has been developed which enables the low wear of highly cross-linked polyethylene acetabular cups to be accurately and precisely measured from standard, pelvis radiographs. The software was validated using radiographic images of a measurement jig which could vary the cup orientation and simulate the effect of pelvic tilt/rotation. Wear was simulated using accurately measured plastic shims to vary the position of the femoral head relative to the cup. The effects of varying "wear" penetration, "wear" direction, cup orientation and X-ray focus position were assessed. Further direct comparison tests were also carried out using radiostereometric analysis. Inter/intra-observer repeatability of the new system was assessed using clinical radiographs. The mean (SD) "wear" penetration error was -0.002mm (0.028mm). The "wear" penetration precision was 0.055mm. Changing the position of the X-ray focus point made no difference to the measurement error. Inter/intra-observer repeatability and limits of agreement had similar low values. Comparison tests with RSA showed the accuracy was similar.

A new technique for radiographic measurement of acetabular cup orientation.

Accurate radiographic measurement of acetabular cup orientation is required in order to assess susceptibility to impingement, dislocation, and edge loading wear. In this study, the accuracy and precision of a new radiographic cup orientation measurement system were assessed and compared to those of two commercially available systems. Two types of resurfacing hip prostheses and an uncemented prosthesis were assessed. Radiographic images of each prosthesis were created with the cup set at different, known angles of version and inclination in a measurement jig. The new system was the most accurate and precise and could repeatedly measure version and inclination to within a fraction of a degree. In addition it has a facility to distinguish cup retroversion from anteversion on anteroposterior radiographs.

The efficacy of a "double-D-shaped" wire marker for radiographic measurement of acetabular cup orientation and wear.

Historically, wire markers were attached to cemented all-plastic acetabular cups to demarcate the periphery and to measure socket wear. The wire shape was either a semi-circle passing over the pole of the cup, or a circle around the cup equator. More recently, "double-D" shaped markers were introduced with a part-circular aspect passing over the pole and a semi-circular aspect parallel to the equatorial plane. This configuration enabled cup retroversion to be distinguished from anteversion. In this study, the accuracy of radiographic measurement of cup orientation and wear was assessed for cups with "double-D" and circular markers. Each cup was attached to a measurement jig which could vary the anteversion/retroversion and internal/external rotation of the cup. A metal femoral head was fixed within the socket and radiographic images were created for all combinations of cup orientation settings. The images were measured using software with automatic edge detection, and cup orientation and zero-wear accuracies were determined for each setting. The median error for cup version measurements was similar for both types of wire marker (0.2° double-D marker, -0.24° circular marker), but measurements of the circular marker were more repeatable. The median inclination errors were 2.05° (double-D marker) and 0.23° (circular marker). The median overall "zero wear" errors were 0.19 mm (double-D marker) and 0.03 mm (circular marker). Measurements of the circular wire marker were much more repeatable.

Silent soft tissue pathology is common with a modern metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Adverse reactions to metal debris have been reported to be a cause of pain in metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. We assessed the incidence of both symptomatic and asymptomatic adverse reactions in a consecutive series of patients with a modern large-head metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. METHODS: We studied the early clinical results and results of routine metal artifact-reduction MRI screening in a series of 79 large-head metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties (ASR; DePuy, Leeds, UK) in 68 patients. 75 hips were MRI scanned at mean 31 (12-52) months after surgery. RESULTS: 27 of 75 hips had MRI-detected metal debris-related abnormalities, of which 5 were mild, 18 moderate, and 4 severe. 8 of these hips have been revised, 6 of which were revised for an adverse reaction to metal debris, diagnosed preoperatively with MRI and confirmed histologically. The mean Oxford hip score (OHS) for the whole cohort was 21. It was mean 23 for patients with no MRI-based evidence of adverse reactions and 19 for those with adverse reactions detected by MRI. 6 of 12 patients with a best possible OHS of 12 had MRI-based evidence of an adverse reaction. INTERPRETATION: We have found a high early revision rate with a modern, large-head metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. MRI-detected adverse rections to metal debris was common and often clinically "silent". We recommend that patients with this implant should be closely followed up and undergo routine metal artifact-reduction MRI screening.

Notes on the use and interpretation of radiostereometric analysis.

With increasing numbers of research groups carrying out radiostereometric analysis (RSA), it is important to reach a consensus on how the main aspects of the technique should be carried out and how the results should be presented in an appropriate and consistent way. In this collection of guidelines, we identify a number of methodological and reporting issues including: measurement error and precision, migration and migration direction data, and the use of RSA as a screening technique. Alternatives are proposed, and a statistical analysis is presented, from which a sample size of 50 is recommended for screening of newly introduced prostheses.

Correction of acetabular cup orientation measurements for X-ray beam offset.

It is important to achieve correct orientation of an acetabular cup in order to avoid impingement, dislocation and increased wear. Cup orientation is usually assessed from a pelvis radiograph in which the central X-ray beam has been focused on the pubic symphysis. However, the angular offset of this beam from a beam passing through the centre of the cup causes rotational artefact in the cup image. Three simple algorithms for correcting this 3D rotational artefact are proposed, and these were validated using 3D CAD techniques by simulating the X-ray focus, target point and film position, as well as cup orientation. The accuracy of the correction was assessed in different practical scenarios. Cup version could be corrected to within a few hundredths of a degree, and inclination to within 0.2 degrees , if the X-ray target position was accurately located. However, only a small error in the correction was incurred if this position was erroneously located by as much as 10mm. The error in correcting the rotation position about the axis of symmetry depended on the cup size and anteversion setting, and it varied sinusoidally according to the position of measurement. Generally, it was within any possible measurement error. For the largest cup size considered (60mm outer diameter), the error ranged between -0.4 degrees and 0.8 degrees at the highest anteversion setting (30 degrees ).