Improvements in Quality of Life and Readiness for Change After Participating in an Eating Disorder Psychoeducation Group: A Pilot Study.

Psychoeducation groups are an integral part of eating disorder treatment in community programs, yet research on their efficacy remains limited. This study examines the impact of participating in a 10-week psychoeducation group on changes in quality of life and in readiness and motivation. Seventy-five adults who had eating disorders were included in the study. We administered the Eating Disorder Quality of Life Scale (EDQLS) and Readiness and Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ) before and after the group. After participation, respondents reported an 11-point increase in the EDQLS score and 9-, 8-, and 9-point increases, respectively, in the total action, confidence, and internality components of the RMQ score. In group exit evaluations, participants reported that the psychoeducation group improved their quality of life and their readiness and motivation to recover.

The effects of Facebook and Instagram on the 2020 election: A deactivation experiment.

We study the effect of Facebook and Instagram access on political beliefs, attitudes, and behavior by randomizing a subset of 19,857 Facebook users and 15,585 Instagram users to deactivate their accounts for 6 wk before the 2020 U.S. election. We report four key findings. First, both Facebook and Instagram deactivation reduced an index of political participation (driven mainly by reduced participation online). Second, Facebook deactivation had no significant effect on an index of knowledge, but secondary analyses suggest that it reduced knowledge of general news while possibly also decreasing belief in misinformation circulating online. Third, Facebook deactivation may have reduced self-reported net votes for Trump, though this effect does not meet our preregistered significance threshold. Finally, the effects of both Facebook and Instagram deactivation on affective and issue polarization, perceived legitimacy of the election, candidate favorability, and voter turnout were all precisely estimated and close to zero.

Change in Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the US, 2007-2020.

This cross-sectional study uses Centers for Disease Control and Prevention multiple cause of death data to examine recent US trends in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Factors associated with frequent high-cost individuals with cystic fibrosis and their healthcare utilization and cost patterns.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a progressive multi-organ disease with significant morbidity placing extensive demands on the healthcare system. Little is known about those individuals with CF who continually incur high costs over multiple years. Understanding their characteristics may help inform opportunities to improve management and care, and potentially reduce costs. The purpose of this study was to identify and understand the clinical and demographic attributes of frequent high-costing CF individuals and characterize their healthcare utilization and costs over time. A longitudinal study of retrospective data was completed in British Columbia, Canada by linking the Canadian CF Registry with provincial healthcare administrative databases for the period between 2009 and 2017. Multivariable Cox regression models were employed to identify baseline factors associated with becoming a frequent high-cost CF user (vs. not a frequent high-cost CF user) in the follow-up period. We found that severe lung impairment (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 3.71, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-9.21), lung transplantation (HR: 4.23, 95% CI, 1.68-10.69), liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension (HR: 10.96, 95% CI: 3.85-31.20) and female sex (HR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.13-3.44) were associated with becoming a frequent high-cost CF user. Fifty-nine (17% of cohort) frequent high-cost CF users accounted for more than one-third of the overall total healthcare costs, largely due to inpatient hospitalization and outpatient medication costs.

Management and Outcome of Jeffrey Type 2 Fractures in Paediatric Patients: A Case Series and Review of Literature.

Introduction: Fractures of the radial neck are very uncommon in children, accounting for 5-8.5% of all fractures around the elbow in children, and are sometimes found with dislocation of the elbow joint. Jeffery carefully studied and classified these types of radial neck fractures with displaced radial head into several types. Very few cases with Jeffrey fractures are reported in the literature, and most cases were treated by surgery. Only one case of successful closed reduction and cast and two cases of closed reduction and percutaneous pinning have been reported. Case Report: We report two cases of Jeffery Type 2 fractures treated by an open reduction in an 11-year-old and a 13-year-old boy. We describe the difficulties faced in the reduction of the fracture and the complications that occurred in the patients. Conclusion: Jeffery Type 2 fracture is an uncommon and difficult-to-treat injury with the possible complication of the radial head being turned upside down if treated conservatively. Therefore, prompt recognition and careful reduction are essential in this type of injury.

Safety and effectiveness of the nasal bridle securement device to retain feeding tubes in adult patients in the intensive care unit: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: Nasal bridle securement devices were introduced to our adult intensive care unit (ICU) in October 2016 as an alternative for securing small-bore feeding tubes in patients at higher risk of inadvertent tube dislodgement. METHOD: We assessed high-risk ICU patients from October 2014 to March 2019 to address three objectives. First, we prospectively monitored ICU patients with a nasal bridle for all types of adverse events. Second, we used propensity score methods to create a (1:1) matched historical comparison group (ie, tape group). We then compared the number of inadvertent tube dislodgements and the caloric intake between the tape and nasal bridle groups. RESULTS: In the prospective group (n = 64), there were 20 adverse events, 12 of which were inadvertent tube dislodgements. Forty-eight participants in the nasal bridle group were matched with participants in the historical group. Thirty-five percent (17/48) of patients in the tape group had at least one inadvertent tube dislodgement; in the nasal bridle group, 48% (23/48) had at least one inadvertent tube dislodgement, although this only occurred in 7 of 48 (15%) patients after the nasal bridle had been inserted. The tape group achieved a lower median percentage of total caloric intake received (66.0%) compared with that of the nasal bridle group (86.1%; P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: In the subpopulation of ICU patients with a small-bore feeding tube who demonstrate a higher risk of inadvertent tube dislodgement, use of the nasal bridle may be associated with a higher caloric intake, even though it does not completely prevent tube dislodgement.

Contemporary cystic fibrosis incidence rates in Canada and the United States.

BACKGROUND: The availability of new diagnostic algorithms for cystic fibrosis (CF), changing population demographics and programs that impact family planning decisions can influence incidence rates. Thus, previously reported incidence rates in Canada and the United States (US) may be outdated. The objectives of this study were to estimate contemporary CF incidence rates in Canada and the US and to determine if the incidence rate has changed over time. METHOD: This population-based cohort study utilized data between 1995-2019 from the Canadian CF Registry (CCFR), Statistics Canada, US CF Foundation Patient Registry (CFFPR) data, and US Center for Disease Control (CDC) National Vital Statistics System. Incidence was estimated using the number of live CF births by year, sex, and geographic region using Poisson regression, with the number of live births used as the denominator. To account for delayed diagnoses, we imputed the proportion of diagnoses expected given historical trends, and varying rates of newborn screening (NBS) implementation by region. RESULTS: After accounting for implementation of NBS and delayed diagnoses, the estimated incidence rate for CF in 2019 was 1:3848 (95% CI: 1:3574, 1:4143) live births in Canada compared to 1:5130 (95% CI:1:4996, 1:5267) in the US. There was substantial regional variation in incidence rates within both Canada and the US. Since 1995, incidence rates have decreased at a rate of 1.6% per year in both countries (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Contemporary CF incidence rates suggest CF incidence is lower than previously reported and varies widely within North America. This information is important for resource planning and for tracking how programs (e.g., genetic counselling, modulator availability etc.) may impact the incidence of CF moving forward.

Comparison of ultrasound-guided paravertebral block versus erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia after percutaneous nephrolithotomy - A randomised, double-blind, controlled study.

Background and Aims: Paravertebral block (PVB) is the regional anaesthesia of choice for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is also effective for the same. This study aims to compare the analgesic efficacy and ease of performing PVB or ESPB for PCNL surgery. Methods: This study was conducted in 60 patients undergoing PCNL, who were randomised to Group P (n = 30; received ultrasound-guided [USG] PVB) and Group E (n = 30; received USG ESPB) after general anaesthesia. Blocks were administered at T10 level on the side of the surgery using 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine. The trachea was extubated at the end of surgery. The primary outcome was analgesia duration, and secondary outcomes were postoperative pain scores, analgesic consumption, ease of block performance, time taken to perform the block and complications between the two groups. Continuous variables were compared using an independent sample t-test, and categorical variables were analysed using Pearson's Chi-square test. Results: Demographic variables were comparable in both groups. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) time of first rescue analgesia in Group P and Group E were 16.6 (20.4)(95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.02-20.32) h and 16.3 (21.8) (95% CI: 8.17-24.51) h, respectively (P = 0.95). The postoperative pain scores and number of doses of analgesics used were comparable between the groups (P > 0.05). The time taken to perform PVB was much longer compared to the time taken to perform ESPB (P = 0.01). Conclusion: USG PVB and ESPB were equally effective for postoperative analgesia for PCNL surgery.

Comparison of ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein cannulation versus supraclavicular approach to brachiocephalic vein cannulation- A prospective, single-blind, randomised study.

Background and Aims: The internal jugular vein (IJV) is the most common site for central venous cannulation. Ultrasonography (USG)-guided brachiocephalic vein (BCV) cannulation has been described recently. The objective of this study was to compare the first attempt success rate, overall success rate and procedural ease between two techniques. Methods: This was a prospective, single-blinded, randomised clinical study. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups using computer generated random table. Group IJV included 55 patients of USG-guided out-of-plane approach to the right IJV cannulation and group BCV included 55 patients for USG-guided supraclavicular in-plane approach to right BCV cannulation. The success rate, number of redirections needed, vein and needle tip visualisation, cannulation time and complication rate were compared between the groups. Results: Demographic parameters were similar between the groups. Success rate of cannulation was 98.5% in IJV group and 100% in group BCV (P = 0.31). The first attempt success rate was 76.3% and 81.81% in IJV and BCV group, respectively (P = 0.42). IJV was collapsed in 14.5% cases and BCV was collapsed in 0.9% cases. The needle visualisation was better in BCV group (94.54%) compared to IJV (80%) (P = 0.02) group, which was statistically significant. The numbers of redirections of needle were more in IJV group. Thus the procedural ease was better with BCV than IJV. Conclusion: Supraclavicular USG-guided in-plane BCV cannulation is a good alternative to USG-guided out-of-plane IJV cannulation, because of good calibre of the vein and better needle visualisation in the BCV group.

Private Equity Acquisitions Of Ambulatory Surgical Centers Were Not Associated With Quality, Cost, Or Volume Changes.

Ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs) are increasingly being acquired by private equity firms, yet the implications for patients remain understudied. In this study we employed a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design within an event study framework to assess changes in outcomes associated with the acquisition of ASCs by private equity entities. Using a two-way fixed effects model, we assessed the baseline probability of an unplanned hospital visit, total costs, and total encounters three years preacquisition compared with three years postacquisition in ASCs acquired by private equity versus those acquired by non-private equity entities. We identified ninety-one ASCs acquired by private equity and fifty-seven ASCs acquired by non-private equity entities during the period 2011-14. There was no statistically significant observed change in the probability of an unplanned hospital visit, total costs, or total encounters after acquisition by private equity relative to acquisition by non-private equity entities. When we compared private equity-acquired ASCs with matched ASCs that were never acquired, we also found no statistically significant relative change in the probability of an unplanned hospital visit, total costs, or total encounters. Regulators should ensure that data on private equity acquisitions are transparent and that data are available to track the long-term quality and financial implications of these acquisitions.

Gaps between official and excess Covid-19 mortality measures: The effects of institutional quality and vaccinations.

We evaluate quartile rankings of countries during the Covid-19 pandemic using both official (confirmed) and excess mortality data. By December 2021, the quartile rankings of three-fifths of the countries differ when ranked by excess vs. official mortality. Countries that are 'doing substantially better' in the excess mortality are characterized by higher urban population shares; higher GDP/Capita; and higher scores on institutional and policy variables. We perform two regressions in which the ratio of Cumulative Excess to Official Covid-19 mortalities (E/O ratio) is regressed on covariates. In a narrow study, controlling for GDP/Capita and vaccination rates, by December 2021 the E/O ratio was smaller in countries with higher vaccination rates. In a broad study, adding institutional and policy variables, the E/O ratio was smaller in countries with higher degree of voice and accountability. The arrival of vaccines in 2021 and voice and accountability had a discernible association on the E/O ratio.

Outcomes of liver transplant recipients with high MELD scores: an experience from a Canadian centre.

BACKGROUND: The frequency with which patients with high Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores undergo liver transplantation has been increasing. Canadian literature regarding the outcomes of liver transplantation in recipients with high MELD scores is limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess patient and graft survival among recipients with high (> 35) and low (≤ 35) MELD scores. Secondary objectives were to potentially identify independent predictors of graft failure and patient mortality. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing liver transplantation at a single Canadian centre from 2012 to 2017. RESULTS: A total of 332 patients were included in the study: 280 patients had a MELD score of 35 or lower, and 52 had a MELD score above 35. Patients with high MELD scores had higher rates of pretransplant acute kidney injury and dialysis (p < 0.001), admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) or intubation (p < 0.001), intraoperative blood product transfusions (p < 0.001) and post-transplantation acute kidney injury and dialysis (p < 0.001), as well as longer ICU (p < 0.001) and hospital stays (p = 0.002). One- and 3-year patient survival in recipients with MELD scores of 35 or lower was 93.1% and 84.9% versus 85.0% and 80.0% in recipients with MELD scores above 35 (p = 0.37). One- and 3-year graft survival in recipients with MELD scores of 35 or lower was 91.7% and 90.9% versus 77.2% and 72.8% in recipients with MELD scores above 35 (p < 0.001). Prior liver transplant was an independent predictor of patient mortality, and no independent predictors of graft failure were identified. When MELD was replaced with D-MELD (donor age × recipient MELD), it predicted graft failure but not patient survival. CONCLUSION: No difference in patient mortality was found between MELD groups. Graft survival was significantly lower in recipients with MELD scores above 35. D-MELD may potentially be used as an adjunct in determining risk of graft failure in recipients with high MELD scores.

Association between elevated peripheral blood eosinophil count and respiratory outcomes in adults with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Elevated blood eosinophil counts are linked to worse outcomes in asthma and COPD, but have yet to be well characterized in CF. We hypothesized that higher stable visit blood eosinophil counts are associated with increased rates of lung function decline and pulmonary exacerbations (PEx). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of adult CF patients (≥19 years) enrolled from 2012 to 2018 in a prospective cohort study focused on blood biomarkers. We included individuals with at least one year of follow-up post-stable visit blood draw and compared clinical characteristics by blood eosinophil count (<300 cells/µL vs. ≥300 cells/µL). We used multivariate mixed-effects linear regression to estimate annual change in ppFEV1. Multivariable poisson and linear regression models were used to estimate rate of PEx requiring IV antibiotics and to compare CF Respiratory Symptom Diary-Chronic Respiratory Infection Symptom Scores (CFRSD-CRISS), respectively. RESULTS: Of 109 patients, 17 (15.6%) had eosinophil counts ≥300 cells/µL. After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and baseline ppFEV1, there was no association between high vs. low eosinophil group and rates of lung function decline (difference in slope -0.04%/y; 95% CI -1.5 to +1.4) or rates of PEx requiring IV antibiotics (IRR 1.46; 95% CI 0.75 to 2.65). The high eosinophil group had a higher mean CFRSD-CRISS score at stable visit (adjusted mean difference 9.3; 95% CI 2.9 to 16.0). CONCLUSIONS: The high eosinophil group experienced increased respiratory symptoms, but the rates of lung function decline and PEx were comparable between groups.

Clinician variability in the diagnosis and treatment of aspergillus fumigatus-related conditions in cystic fibrosis: An international survey.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis and treatment of Aspergillus fumigatus (Af)-related conditions remain a challenge in cystic fibrosis (CF) due to overlapping features of disease and absence of clinical guidelines for Af-related conditions outside of ABPA. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences of clinical practice in the diagnosis and management of Af-related conditions in CF. METHODS: We conducted an international survey to CF clinicians to ascertain the screening, diagnostic, and treatment practices for Af-related conditions in CF. Respondents were grouped into geographical regions and regional comparisons using chi-square tests of independence or Fisher's tests were performed. RESULTS: A total of 319 survey responses from 35 countries were analyzed. We observed differences in use and frequency of fungus culture, Aspergillus-specific IgE and IgG, skin prick testing, and pulmonary function testing as screening for Af-related conditions between the geographical regions. ABPA and Aspergillus bronchitis diagnostic criteria selection differed by region; significantly greater proportion of United States (US) and Canadian clinicians were unable to define Aspergillus bronchitis compared to Europe and other regions. Decision to treat ABPA was uniform across regions, but the consideration of Aspergillus bronchitis as a clinical disease warranting therapy differed between regions. The use of glucocorticoid and itraconazole was the first-line treatment of ABPA among clinicians; however, prednisone monotherapy was more common in US and Canada. CONCLUSIONS: Significant variability in the diagnosis and management of Aspergillus-related conditions in CF was observed. Future studies are necessary to better harmonize the approach to Af-related disease in CF.

The association between bacterobilia and the risk of postoperative complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND: Pre-operative biliary bacterial colonisation (bacterobilia) is considered a risk factor for infectious complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). This study aimed to investigate the role of the PD biliary microbiome grown in the development of post-PD complications. METHODS: In a retrospective study of 162 consecutive patients undergoing PD (2008-2018), intra-operative bile cultures were analyzed and sensitivities compared to pre-anesthetic antibiotics and thirty-day post-surgery complications. RESULTS: Bacterobilia was present in 136 patients (84%). Most bile cultures grew bacteria resistant to pre-operative antibiotics (n = 112, 82%). Patients with bacterobilia had significantly higher rates of major complication than patients without (P = 0.017), as well as higher rates of surgical-site infections (SSI) (P = 0.010). Patients with negative bile cultures (n = 26) had significantly lower rates of major complication and SSI than those growing sensitive (n = 24) or non-sensitive (n = 112) bacteria (major complication P = 0.029 and SSI P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Positive bile cultures were associated with a higher incidence of major complications and SSI. Patients with sterile bile cultures had the lowest risk of post-operative complications and efforts to reduce rates of bacterobilia, such as limitation of biliary instrumentation, should be considered. Sensitivity to antibiotics had no effect upon the rate of post-operative complications, but this may reflect low cohort numbers.

Comparison between caudal epidural and ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric block with bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia following pediatric inguinal hernia surgeries: A prospective randomized, double-blind study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Caudal epidural and ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric nerve (IL/IH) blocks are commonly used regional anesthesia techniques for postoperative analgesia in pediatric inguinal surgeries. Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant has been proven to prolong the duration of both neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks. We compared the duration of analgesia provided by local anesthetic (LA) and dexmedetomidine for caudal and IL/IH block for pediatric inguinal surgeries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-six children undergoing inguinal hernia repair were selected for this randomized double-blind study. After general anesthesia, children received either 0.75 mL.kg-1 of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1 mcg.kg-1 of dexmedetomidine in caudal epidural or 0.25 mL.kg-1 of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1 mcg.kg-1 of dexmedetomidine in IL/IH block. The pain was assessed up to 24 h postoperatively using face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) score. For FLACC ≥4, rescue analgesia was provided using 1 µg/kg of intravenous fentanyl, up to 2 h postoperatively and 10 mg/kg of oral ibuprofen between 2 and 24 postoperative hours. The time for first rescue analgesia was taken as the duration of analgesia. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the pain scores or analgesic utilization between the groups. The duration of analgesia of caudal and IL/IH blocks was similar (720.3 ± 430.1 min and 808.4 ± 453.1 min, respectively). The time taken for the performance of block was significantly higher for caudal compared to IL/IH (547 ± 93 vs. 317 ± 179 s; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both caudal epidural and USG-IL/IH block with dexmedetomidine as additive provide the comparable duration of postoperative analgesia with no significant side effects.

Efficacy of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in femoral nerve block for post-op pain relief in hip surgery: A prospective randomized double-blind controlled study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To determine whether the addition of dexmedetomidine either in peripheral block or via systemic route leads to prolongation of the duration of analgesia is inconclusive. The present study aimed to assess the duration of postoperative analgesia with dexmedetomidine used as an additive with bupivacaine for ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block (FNB) and to compare it with intramuscular dexmedetomidine along with FNB. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, double-blind randomized clinical trial involving adult patients undergoing elective hip surgery, performed under subarachnoid block. When sensory block receded to T12 after the surgery, FNB was given for postoperative analgesia. Patients were randomized into three groups; Group A received FNB with 40 mL 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.5 mL saline as IM injection, Group B received FNB with 39.5 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine + 0.5 mL (50 mcg) of dexmedetomidine in the affected limb and 0.5 mL saline IM injection, and Group C received FNB with 40 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.5 mL (50 mcg) of dexmedetomidine as IM injection. Postoperative pain was assessed and for pain with VAS score >3, intravenous tramadol was given as rescue analgesia. Chi-square test for categorical variables and one-way ANOVA for continuous variables. RESULTS: The mean duration of analgesia in groups A, B, and C was 671, 676, and 490 min, respectively which was not significant. A 24 h analgesic requirement was also not different between the groups. CONCLUSION: The use of dexmedetomidine perineurally or systemically did not prolong the duration of analgesia as compared to bupivacaine alone for femoral nerve block.

IL-8 correlates with reduced baseline femoral neck bone mineral density in adults with cystic fibrosis: a single center retrospective study.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multi-system disease that is characterized by lung disease due to recurrent airway infection and inflammation. Endocrine complications, such as CF bone disease (CFBD), are increasingly identified as patients are living longer. The cause of CFBD is multifactorial with chronic systemic inflammation theorized to be a contributing factor. Thus, we attempted to identify inflammatory biomarkers that are associated with CFBD. We conducted a retrospective observational study of 56 adult patients with CF with an average percentage predictive forced expiratory volume in one second (ppFEV1) of 73.7% (standard deviation: 30.0) who underwent baseline serum analysis for osteoprotegerin (OPG) and pro-inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α), and had repeated dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans separated by at least 2 years to examine correlations between serum biomarkers and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. Univariate linear regression model analysis demonstrated that serum IL-1ß and IL-8, but not other pro-inflammatory markers, were negatively correlated with baseline BMD results. However, after accounting for confounding variables, only the relationship between IL-8 and left femoral neck BMD remained statistically significant. Additionally, IL-8 level was associated with BMD decline over time. These results suggest that IL-8 might play a unique role in the pathophysiology of CFBD relative to other pro-inflammatory cytokines but further study is warranted before firm conclusions can be made.