Management of high-grade papillary Ta or T1 bladder cancer after restaging transurethral resection: A retrospective study comparing Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy upfront versus a third resection.

PURPOSE: Performing restaging transurethral bladder resection (reTURB) for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) reduces the risk of recurrence and tumour understaging. Management of residual high-grade papillary Ta or T1 after reTURB has changed this last 10years in international recommendations. This study aimed to compare the recurrence free survival according to the different management procedures performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent reTURB for initial high-risk NMIBC between 2011 and 2020 were included. Patients with residual high-grade papillary Ta or T1 tumour after reTURB were divided into two groups: BCG instillations upfront versus BCG following a third-look resection (3TURB). Patient and tumour characteristics, BCG instillations, recurrence-free survival were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS: A total of 162 high-risk patients were included. Sixty-one (37.7%) had residual high-grade papillary Ta or T1 at reTURB: 35 (21.6%) had BCG instillations upfront, 18 (11.2%) had a 3TURB and 8 (5%) had other management. The mean follow-up was 34.2weeks±20.2. Recurrence-free survival was significantly better in patients who underwent BCG instillations upfront (P<0.0043). Recurrence after BCG therapy following reTURB was significantly lower in patients with no residual NMIBC at 6 (92.5% vs. 72.4%, P<0.004) and 12months (85% vs. 67.3%, P<0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of intravesical BCG is compromised in case of residual tumour following TURB. The role of a 3TURB following a positive reTURB is not yet determined. This study has confirmed that residual tumor following reTURB is a negative predictive factor but could not demonstrate the value of a 3TURB compared to upfront BCG.

[Profile and immune environment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma]. / Profil et environnement immunitaires des tumeurs de la voie excrétrice supérieure.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) are tumors that share similarities with bladder tumors. Immunotherapy is already used for bladder locations and appears to have interest for UTUC. In order to rationalize the immunotherapy development pipeline it seemed necessary to describe the immune infiltrate of a cohort of UTUC treated with nephroureterectomy and to determine the expression of a panel of immune checkpoints and co-stimulatory molecules on tumor cells as well as on infiltrating and circulating lymphocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a monocentric, prospective and exploratory work. Patients treated with total nephroureterectomy or segmental ureterectomy for presumably infiltrative (≥ T1) UTUC managed at the Saint-Louis Hospital were included from January 2019 to July 2020. A set of markers and immune checkpoints were studied by flow fluorocytometry on circulating lymphocytes (PBMCs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Some markers were also studied by immunohistochemistry on tumor sample. RESULTS: In total, 14 patients were included and 13 patients could be analyzed. 1 patient had no residual tumor. 5 tumors out of the 12 (41.7%) showed a lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate. PD1 was the most represented checkpoint with a median expression rate of 41.4% on CD4+ TILs and 3.89% on circulating CD4+ T cells. This rate was 62.4% and 7.45% respectively on CD8+ T cells. TIGIT was the second most represented marker with a median expression rate on tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells of 25% and 2.9% on circulating CD4+ T cells. The median expression level of TIGIT on tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells was 23.3% and 3.2% on circulating CD8+ T cells. ICOS was highly expressed on CD4+ TILS with a median of 33.9% in contrast to CD8+ TILS (median: 6.67%). Variable expression of other checkpoints (ILT2, TIM3, LAG3 and OX40) was found without clear trend. CONCLUSION: This exploratory work highlighted that PD1 was the most represented checkpoint. TIGIT was the second most represented checkpoint while ICOS, TIM3 and LAG3 were 3 other checkpoints whose expression was found to be less important. ILT2 and OX40 appeared to be weakly expressed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Salvage Percutaneous Cryoablation for Bleeding Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Endoscopic access and treatment of bleeding upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUCS) is sometimes difficult and inefficient as resection and/or laser coagulation are often incomplete. We report two cases of successful cryoablation of bleeding UTUCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study evaluated an adjunctive method in using cryoablation as a hemostatic technique. Cryoprobes were inserted inside the affected calices and a standard renal cryoablation protocol was used. Track ablation was performed during the pullback of the cryoprobes to prevent tumor seeding and bleeding. RESULTS: Cryoablation of the bleeding upper urinary tract tumors allowed to efficiently resolve macrohematuria in both patients and to provide prolonged remission in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: Taking advantage of the microcirculatory stasis and the hemostatic properties of cryoablation, we achieved palliative cessation of refractory macrohematuria while sparing nephrons, without the need for renal embolization in patients with bleeding UTUCs.

Perioperative results of radical cystectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy according to the implementation of ERAS pathway.

BACKGROUND: The effect of ERAS protocols in a population of radical cystectomy (RC) patients fit for neoadjuvant chemotherapy has not been specifically explored. OBJECTIVE: To compare perioperative outcomes of open RC according to the application of an ERAS protocol in a population of patients treated by cisplatin-based NAC. METHODS: All consecutive patients treated by NAC and RC between 2016 and 2019 were included. The ERAS pathway was implemented in June 2018 and followed the EAU recommendations. All data were prospectively collected. Patients' characteristics, operative outcomes, length of stay (LOS), complication rate according to Clavien-Dindo and pathological results were compared between pre- and post-ERAS. Statistical analysis was performed using R. RESULTS: In total, 79 patients were included, 29 in the ERAS group and 50 in the non-ERAS group. A median number of 19 out of 22 ERAS criteria were followed. Mean number of NAC cycles was 4.45 vs. 4.79 in the pre- and post-ERAS groups respectively (P=0.24). Median time between NAC and RC was 3.8months. Thirty-eight percent vs. 48% of patients received an ileal neobladder in the pre- and post-ERAS group respectively (P=0.51). No differences were observed regarding operative time, blood loss or operative transfusion rates. LOS was drastically reduced in the ERAS period (18.94 vs. 12.10days, P<0.001) as well as major (>Clavien 2) complications rate (65% vs. 28%, P=0.004). CONCLUSION: ERAS drastically reduced the LOS and the rate of high-grade complications and can be effectively applied to patients receiving NAC without delaying RC.

Morbidity and long-term results of subcutaneous pyelovesical bypass in chronic ureteral obstruction.

BACKGROUND: We present the long-term results and complications of the DETOUR® prosthesis, a permanent subcutaneous pyelovesical bypass for the treatment of ureteral obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2006 et 2018, 34 prosthesis were implanted in 28 patients (mean age 65,8 years) with ureteral obstruction of malignant or benign etiologies. The prosthesis, composed to an inner tube of silicone and an outer tube of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, is placed subcutaneously between the kidney and the bladder. We are performed infrared spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy on two removed prostheses to explore the prosthetic encrustation. RESULTS: The average follow-up was 25,8 months (Maximum: 64 months). Stent revision was required for early bladder fistula in three patients. The major long-term complications were infection (46%), obstruction (3 patients) and bladder fistula (7 patients). The most frequently infection are non-severe, but two patients died from septic shock after fungic colonization of the prosthesis. The infrared spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the obstruction was favored by urinary infection and an alkaline medium. The functional prosthesis rate at 1,2 and 3 years was 94%, 71% and 62%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The DETOUR® subcutaneous extra-anatomical urinary bypass is an effective and minimally invasive alternative to permanent percutaneous nephrostomy, for both malignant and benign ureteral obstructions in selected patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

[Active surveillance of prostate cancer: treatement-free survival according to restricted or expanded eligibility criteria]. / Surveillance active du cancer de prostate : survie sans traitement curatif selon critères d'éligibilité stricts ou élargis.

AIM: Overtreatment is an actual problem in low risk localized prostate cancer (PC) management. Active surveillance (AS) is a solution to limit this problem, but eligibility criteria remained discussed. The aim was to assess possibilities of widening selection criteria for patient in AS, studying curative treatment free survival (CTFS) according to restricted or expanded eligibility criteria. METHODS: We retrospectively studied patients beginning AS between 2008 and 2014, for Gleason 6 localized PC, PSA<15ng/ml,

[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical activity within academic urological departments in Paris]. / Impact de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur l'activité chirurgicale au sein des services d'urologie de l'Assistance Publique ­ Hôpitaux de Paris.

INTRODUCTION: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in France, all non-emergency surgical activity has been cancelled since March 12, 2020. In order to anticipate the reinstatement of delayed interventions, surgical activity reduction analysis is essential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reduction of urological surgery in adult during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to 2019. MATERIAL: The data regarding urological procedures realized in the 8 academic urological departments of Parisians centres (AP-HP) were compared over two similar periods (14-29 March 2019 and 12-27 March 2020) using the centralized surgical planning software shared by these centres. Procedure title, type of surgery and outpatient ratio were collected. The interventions were sorted into 16 major families of urological interventions. RESULTS: Overall, a 55% decrease was observed concerning urological procedures over the same period between 2019 and 2020 (995 and 444 procedures respectively). Oncology activity and emergencies decreased by 31% and 44%. The number of kidney transplantations decreased from 39 to 3 (-92%). Functional, andrological and genital surgical procedures were the most impacted among the non-oncological procedures (-85%, -81% and -71%, respectively). Approximatively, 1033 hours of surgery have been delayed during this 16-day period. CONCLUSION: Lockdown and postponement of non-urgent scheduled urological procedures decisions has led to a drastic decrease in surgical activity in AP-HP. Isolated kidney transplantation has been stopped (national statement). Urologists must anticipate for lockdown exit in order to catch-up delayed surgeries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

[Is sarcopenia a morbi-mortality factor in the treatment of localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer?] / La sarcopénie est-elle un facteur de morbi-mortalité dans le traitement des tumeurs localisées de la vessie infiltrant le muscle ?

INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenia evaluated from the measurement of skeletal muscle index (SMI) has been evaluated as a predictive factor of morbidity and mortality after surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether it was predictive of morbidity and mortality in patients managed by cystectomy or tri-modality therapy (TMT), combining radiotherapy and chemotherapy after endoscopic resection of the tumour, for localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In all, 146 consecutive patients from 2 university hospital centres treated by cystectomy between January 2012 and April 2017 or TMT between October 2008 and October 2014 were included. The SMI was measured on axial computed-tomography at the level of the transverse process of L3, before treatment. Sarcopenia was assessed in two ways: either by SMI without muscle mass adjustment or according to the definition by Martin and al. based on gender and patient BMI, then called "adjusted sarcopenia". The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) for sarcopenia. The secondary endpoints were OS, progression-free survival (PFS) and survival without re-admission (SRH) for the total population and for each treatment group. Survival analyses were performed using the Cox model. The association between sarcopenia and complications has been investigated by the Chi2 test. RESULTS: The characteristics of sarcopenic (n=67) and non-sarcopenic (n=79) patients were comparable except for 2 criteria: older patients in the sarcopenic group and a higher proportion of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in non-sarcopenic patients. Sarcopenia was not significantly associated with any type of survival. Sarcopenia was not associated with the proportion or severity of complications. CONCLUSION: Unlike unadjusted SMI, sarcopenia was not associated with survival or complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Salvage cryoablation for local recurrence of prostatic cancer after curative therapy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of salvage cryotherapy for intra-prostatic and local extraprostatic recurrences after curative treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Twenty-eight men (mean age, 69±6 [SD] years; range: 51-82 years) treated with cryoablation for prostatic (N=21) or extraprostatic (N=7) recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy with or without associated prostatectomy were included. Technical success, complication and recurrences were reported. Biological recurrence was defined as an elevation ≥2ng/mL of prostate specific antigen (PSA) serum level after the treatment. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 18 months. Among the 21 patients with intraprostatic recurrence, 14 had successful cryotherapy with a mean decrease in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of -5.7±2.6 (SD) ng/mL (range: -2.1 to -16.9ng/mL). Four patients (19%) had early progression and three patients (14%) had delayed biological recurrence (mean time: 15 months). Among the 7 patients with extraprostatic recurrence, 2/7 (291%) had successful cryotherapy with a decrease in PSA serum level of -2.7±1.6 (SD) ng/mL (range: -0.5--5.5ng/mL) and 4/7 (57%) had early biological recurrence after cryotherapy that required androgen deprivation therapy, whereas 1/7 (4%) was lost to follow-up. No major complications were observed for both intra- and extraprostatic recurrence. CONCLUSION: Salvage cryoablation of locally recurrent prostate cancer after curative treatment is feasible and safe when the half prostate is treated. It could delay initiation of androgen deprivation therapy in these patients.

[Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the peri-operative morbidity of radical cystectomy for muscle invasive bladder cancer]. / Impact de la chimiothérapie néoadjuvante sur la morbidité péri-opératoire de la cystectomie pour tumeur de vessie infiltrant le muscle.

INTRODUCTION: Platinum-based neoadjvant chemotherapy (NAC) before radical cystectomy (RC) is the gold standard in the treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). We aimed to compare the peri-operative morbidity in patients treated by NAC then RC and patients having RC alone. METHODS: Between 1st January 2008 and 31st December 2015, we retrospectively included consecutive patients undergoing RC for MIBC in 2centers. We collected clinical, pathological and peri-operative data (30day post operative complications according to the Clavien-Dindo score, delayed complications, pathological results). Patients treated by NAC (NAC-RC group) before RC were compared to patients performing RC alone. The NAC-RC group received 1 to 6cycle of high-dose MVAC, MVAC or gemcitabine-cisplatine chemotherapy. Logistic regression identified independant factors of peri-operative complications. RESULTS: We included 199 patients: 48in the NAC-RC group and 151in the RC group. Complications rate was 73.9% in the NAC-RC group versus 73.8% in the RC group (P=1.0). In multivariate analyses, only the Charlson score was associated with an increased risk of peri-operative complications (P=0.05). PT0 tumour rate was significantly higher in the NAC-CR group (50% vs 7%, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: NAC does not increase the peri-operative morbidity of the RC. Patients' pre operative comorbidities is the main risk factor for peri-operative complications.

[Penile intra-epithelial neoplasia]. / Les néoplasies intra-épithéliales du pénis.

INTRODUCTION: Penile intra-epithelial neoplasia (PIN) are precancerous lesions, characterized by architectural and cytological abnormalities of the genital epithelium, from which can arise squamous carcinomas. METHODS: A literature review was performed on the Medline database, considering the articles listed between October 2007 and October 2017 dealing with PIN, using the following keywords "intraepithelial neoplasia" or "Bowen's disease" or "erythroplasia of Queyrat" or "bowenoid papulosis" and "penis ¼. Papers were selected according to their language (English and French) and their relevance. RESULTS: One hundred seventy four articles related to PIN were listed. Twenty-five of them were selected for their relevance. The analysis of the references of these articles identified 6 relevant papers published before October 2007, which were considered for this review based on a total of thirty-one articles. We describe clinical and pathological characteristics of PIN, emphasizing treatment modalities. CONCLUSION: Urologists should distinguish HPV-related and non HPV-related PIN, both of them sharing clinical presentation, but needing different management.

[Morbi-mortality of transurethral resection of the prostate in patients aged 75 and over]. / Morbi-mortalité de la résection trans-urétrale de la prostate par courant monopolaire chez les patients âgés de 75 ans et plus.

INTRODUCTION: Monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate is one of standard surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The objective of this study was to evaluate early postoperative complications in patients aged 75 years old and more using a standardized classification. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included all patients aged at least 75 on the day of surgery between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2013. The reporting of complications was carried from the Clavien-Dindo classification. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-six patients were included in this study. A total of 47.2% of patients experienced at least one complication. The majority of patients (79.5%) had complications grade 1 or 2 according to Clavien-Dindo classification. One patient died postoperatively at day 27. Most complications were urological (55%). A high Charlson score and low plasma hemoglobin levels have been identified as a risk factor for complications. CONCLUSION: Monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate is followed by significant morbidity in older patients, higher than in the general population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

Risk factors of severe incisional hernia after renal transplantation: a retrospective multicentric case-control study on 225 patients.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of severe incisional hernias and find their specific risk factors in renal transplant patients. METHODS: This retrospective multicentric case-control study focused on 225 kidney transplant patients among 4348 patients transplanted during this period within two French university hospitals (Saint-Louis/Lariboisière in Paris and Tours, Loire Valley) from 2000 to 2014 and from 1995 to 2014, respectively. Forty-five patients developed a severe incisional hernia after renal transplantation. The primary outcome measure was the development of a severe incisional hernia after surgery. Statistical analysis included an univariate analysis and a multivariate analysis using a logistic regression according to the Cox model. RESULTS: Forty-five patients (1.03%) had a severe incisional hernia surgery after renal transplantation. The median follow-up was 55.5 months. In univariate analysis, smoking, the occurrence of a lymphocele and parietal closure in a single musculo-fascial layer was significantly associated with the occurrence of incisional hernia after renal transplantation. Former or active smoking (OR 2.32, p = 0.0370), lymphocele (OR 4.3903, p = 0.0018) and parietal musculo-fascial closure in one single layer (OR 3.37, p = 0.0088) significantly increased the risk of incisional hernia after kidney transplant in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We report in this study one of the largest series of patients who had incisional hernia after renal transplantation. Former or active smoking, lymphocele and parietal closure in one single musculo-fascial layer were independent risk factors for incisional hernia following kidney transplant.

[Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in muscular invasive bladder cancer: Complications and consequences with cystectomy]. / Chimiothérapie néoadjuvante dans le cancer de vessie infiltrant le muscle : complications et conséquences sur la réalisation de la cystectomie.

INTRODUCTION: The fear of the deterioration of the patient's condition related to the toxicity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a barrier to its development. This multicenter retrospective study aims to present the secondary effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its impact on the achievement of cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with urothelial carcinoma classified cT2 to cT4a N0M0 were included. Chemotherapy with 6 cycles of MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin, and cisplatin) followed by a cysto-prostatectomy or anterior pelvectomy was scheduled. RESULTS: A total 32 patients were included. Six cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy were performed in all 11 patients. Shutdown causes were toxicity in 85% of cases. Cystectomy was performed in 86.6% of patients. Surgery was not performed in 6 patients. The reasons were the alteration of the general condition in 2 cases, 2 patients had advanced cancers diagnosed intraoperatively, and 2 refused surgery. Complications of grades 3 and 4 according to the classification of Clavien and Dindo had occurred respectively in 15.3% and 11.5%. DISCUSSION: This study reports results close to what is found in the literature on the effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on achieving cystectomy, but it has some limitations: the retrospective analysis of data on surgery and the lack of control group. In addition, the short follow-up does not yet allow to know the long-term oncological results. CONCLUSION: This study supports the fact that the toxicity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy does not seem to cause a significant risk of non-completion of cystectomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

[Negative effects on sexual function of medications for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia]. / Effets négatifs sur la sexualité des traitements médicamenteux des symptômes du bas appareil urinaire liés a l'hypertrophie bénigne de la prostate.

PURPOSE: The aim of this review is to discuss the negative effects on sexual function of medications for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS-BPH). METHODS: An international non-systematic literature review was performed. It included randomized trials of seven drugs of interest and the summaries of the characteristics of these products. This work did not aim comparison between the drugs. RESULTS: Only maximal reported frequencies are presented in this abstract. With prolonged-release alfuzosin, they were 2.8% vs. 1.3% for erectile dysfunction, compared to placebo and 1% vs. 0% for ejaculatory dysfunction. With doxazosin, the incidence was 5.8% vs. 3.3% for erectile dysfunction, 3.6% vs. 1.9% for reduced libido and 0.4% vs. 1.4% for ejaculatory disorders. The incidence of ejaculatory disorders with tamsulosin, was 11% vs. <1% with the placebo and with silodosin, it was 28.1% vs. 1.1%. With finasteride, at 12 months, the highest frequency was 9% vs. 5% for erectile dysfunction, 4.4% vs. 1.5% for ejaculatory disorders and 6.4% vs. 3.4% for reduced libido. At 24 months, for dutatsteride, frequencies were 7.3% vs. 4.0% for erectile dysfunction, 2.2% vs. 0.8% for ejaculatory disorders and 4.2% vs. 2.1% for reduced libido. For tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, and tolerodine, an anticholinergic drug, no negative effect on ejaculation or libido has been reported. For plant extracts, no sexual adverse effects (AEs) were reported among the most common AEs. CONCLUSION: The medications for LUTS-BPH may alter erection, ejaculation or libido. A greater knowledge of the adverse effects of each of these drugs could guide physicians in the clinical management of men with BPH-LUTS.

Left lobe of the prostate during clinical prostate cancer screening: the dark side of the gland for right-handed examiners.

BACKGROUND: The predictive value of the abnormality side during digital rectal examination (DRE) has never been studied, suggesting that physicians examined the left lobe of the gland as well as the right lobe. We aimed to assess the predictive value of the side of DRE abnormality for prostate cancer (PCa) detection and aggressiveness in right-handed urologists. METHODS: An analysis of a prospective database was carried out that included all consecutive men undergoing prostate biopsies between 2001 and 2012. The main end point was the predictive value of the abnormality side during DRE for cancer detection in clinically suspicious unilateral T2 disease. The diagnostic performance of left- versus right-sided abnormality was also assessed in terms of sensitivity, specificity and negative/positive predictive values. RESULTS: Overall, 308 patients had a suspicious unilateral clinical disease (detection rate 57.5%). The cancer detection rate was significantly higher in case of left-sided compared with right-sided clinical T2 stage (odds ratio 2.1). In case of left-sided disease, the number of positive cores, the rate of perineural invasion, the rate of primary grade 4 pattern and the percentage of cancer involvement per core were significantly higher compared with those reported for right-sided disease. The predictive value of abnormality laterality for cancer detection and aggressiveness remained statistically independent in multivariate models. The positive predictive value for cancer detection was 64.6 in case of suspicious left-sided disease versus 46.9 in case of right-sided disease. CONCLUSIONS: The risks of detecting PCa and aggressive disease on biopsy are significantly higher when DRE reveals a suspicious left-sided clinical disease as compared with right-sided disease. Right-handed physicians should be aware of this variance in diagnostic performance and potential underdetection of left-sided clinical disease, and should improve their examination of the left lobe of the gland by conducting longer exams or changing the patient's position.

[Initial assessment, follow-up and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia: guidelines of the LUTS committee of the French Urological Association]. / Bilan initial, suivi et traitement des troubles mictionnels en rapport avec hyperplasie bénigne de prostate : recommandations du CTMH de l'AFU.

AIM: To elaborate guidelines for the diagnosis, the follow-up, and the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHOD: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to select more relevant publications. The level of evidence was evaluated. Graded recommendations were written by a working group, and then reviewed by a reviewer group according to the formalized consensus technique. RESULTS: Terminology of the International Continence Society was used. Initial assessment has several aims: making sure that lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are related to BPH, assessing bother related to LUTS and checking for a possible complicated bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). Initial assessment should include: medical history, LUTS assessment using a symptomatic score, physical examination including digital rectal examination, urinalysis, flow rate recording, and residual urine volume. Frequency volume chart is recommended when storage symptoms are predominant. Serum PSA should be done when the diagnosis of prostate cancer can modify the management. When a surgical treatment is discussed, serum PSA, serum creatinine and ultrasonography of the urinary tract are recommended. BPH patients should be informed of the benign and possibly progressive patterns of the disease. When LUTS cause no bother, annual follow-up should be planned. Medical treatment includes some phytotherapy agents, alpha-blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors. The last two can be associated. The association of antimuscarinics and alpha-blockers can be offered to patients with residual storage symptoms when already under alpha-blockers therapy, after checking for the absence of severe BOO (residual volume more than 200mL or max urinary flow less than 10mL/s). Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors could be used in patients complaining for both LUTS and erectile dysfunction. In case of complication, or when medical treatment is inefficient or not tolerated, then a surgical treatment should be discussed. Treatment decision should be done according to type of LUTS and related bother, prostate anatomy, level of obstruction and its consequences on urinary tract, patient co-morbidities, experience of practitioner, and choice of patient. Surgical treatments with the higher level of evidence of efficacy include monopolar or bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate, open prostatectomy, transurethral incision of the prostate, photoselective vaporization of the prostate, and Holmium laser enuclation of the prostate. CONCLUSION: Here are the first guidelines of the French Urological Association for the initial assessment, the follow-up and the treatment of urinary disorders related to BPH.