A brief review of recent discoveries in human anatomy.

In the last few years, a cluster of anatomical discoveries has been reported which overturned the long existing dogmas about the structure and function of human body. First to come was the discovery that established the existence of a lymphatic system pertaining to the central nervous system (CNS). CNS was believed to be anatomically immune privileged owing to the absence of any lymphatics and presence of the blood-brain barrier around it, but latest research has established beyond any reasonable doubt that true lymphatic channels carry immune cells in meninges thus challenging the existing theory. Studies also supported the presence of a 'Glymphatic system' (created by the perivascular spaces lined with the leptomeninges and a sheath of glial cells) in the CNS draining interstitial metabolic waste from CNS. The second discovery unraveled the previously unknown parts of the human mesentery in adult and established that it is a continuous entity all along the intra-abdominal gut tube against the previous notion that it is fragmented in the adult humans. A very recently reported third discovery demonstrated a previously unknown tissue component-'interstitium'-a networked collagen bound fluid-filled space existent in a number of human organs. All these structures bear considerable applied importance towards the pathogenesis, prognostic and diagnostic investigations and management of human diseases. This article attempts to present a brief review of all three remarkable discoveries and emphasizes their applied importance within the realm of medical sciences.

Treatment of recurrent previously coiled anterior circulation aneurysm with minimally invasive keyhole craniotomy: report of two cases.

The use of minimally invasive techniques has not yet been reported for the treatment of recurrent aneurysms after coil embolization. A 47-year-old man with a long history of headaches had an anterior communicating aneurysm that had previously been coil embolized. Three-year follow-up angiography showed a significant recurrence. A 50-year-old woman with subarachnoid hemorrhage and acute visual loss underwent coil embolization of a large ophthalmic artery aneurysm, which recurred 3 months later. In both cases, a keyhole fronto-orbital one-piece craniotomy was performed. In the first patient, the aneurysm was clip ligated. The coil mass, which had eroded through the dome, was excised. In the second patient, the anterior clinoid was removed and the aneurysm was clip ligated. Postoperative angiography showed no residual aneurysm and no evidence of branch or parent vessel compromise in either patient. Both patients had an uncomplicated postoperative course. Recurrent previously coiled aneurysms are technically challenging to treat. A minimal fronto-orbital craniotomy provides a sufficiently capacious working space for successful treatment of some recurrent aneurysms of the anterior circulation.

The role of cerebral revascularization in patients with intracranial aneurysms.

Cerebral revascularization offers an important adjunct to parent-vessel ligation in the treatment of large and otherwise inaccessible intracranial aneurysms. Good or excellent outcomes can be expected in approximately 80% of patients. Poor outcomes and ischemic complications were highest in posterior circulation lesions. Cranial neuropathies from mass effect associated with giant aneurysms of the cavernous and intradural internal carotid artery will improve and be cured in the majority of patients treated with universal revascularization approach. In combination with open parent vessel ligation or endovascular occlusion, durable protection from subarachnoid hemorrhage can be achieved.