ABSTRACT
Several outbreaks of gout were reported in commercial broilers in India during 2011 and 2012, causing up to 40% mortality in the birds. Gross and histopathological observations confirmed gout. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis from kidney samples of gout-affected birds indicated the presence of chicken astrovirus (CAstV) in 41.7% of cases and a mixed infection of CAstV and avian nephritis virus (ANV) in 36.4% of cases. CAstV isolated from gout-affected kidneys by inoculating embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs showed dwarfing in embryos and a cytopathic effect in chicken embryo kidney cells. Inoculation of 1-day-old SPF and broiler chicks with CAstVs caused gout and mortality between 4 and 10 days post inoculation. Virus isolation and qRT-PCR analysis showed the presence of only CAstV in inoculated chicks. Sequence analysis of capsid genes indicated a major group of Indian CAstVs that displayed 92.0 to 99.2% intergroup amino acid identity and 83.9 to 90.4% identity with subgroup Bi CAstVs of UK origin. We designated this group Indian Bi. Analysis of the partial polymerase amino acid sequences of our isolates indicated two groups of CAstVs (Indian 1 and 2) that displayed 90.2 to 95.5% amino acid identity between them. We thus report for the first time that, in addition to infectious bronchitis virus and ANV, CAstVs are a causative agent of gout.
Subject(s)
Astroviridae Infections/veterinary , Avastrovirus/isolation & purification , Chickens/virology , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Gout/veterinary , Poultry Diseases/epidemiology , Animals , Astroviridae Infections/epidemiology , Astroviridae Infections/pathology , Astroviridae Infections/virology , Avastrovirus/genetics , Avastrovirus/pathogenicity , Base Sequence , Capsid Proteins/genetics , Chick Embryo , DNA Primers/genetics , Gout/epidemiology , Gout/pathology , Gout/virology , India/epidemiology , Kidney/pathology , Kidney/virology , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Poultry Diseases/pathology , Poultry Diseases/virology , RNA, Viral/chemistry , RNA, Viral/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Sequence Analysis, RNA , Specific Pathogen-Free OrganismsABSTRACT
In addition to the goal of controlling elevated blood pressure in patients with hypertension improving Dyslipidemia associated with insulin resistance may be an important element in preventing coronary artery disease. Antihypertensive treatment may differ based on the pathophysiology present. It appears that the evidence that supports the development of lipid abnormalities in patients who have insulin resistance is growing. In such patients the morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease may be significantly decreased by selecting agents with favourable metabolic consequences.
