ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological effects, functional observation battery tests, and sexual maturity of semicarbazide oral gavage administration to juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats for 70 days at 0, 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day weaning to sexual maturity. At 60 mg/kg/day, there was a delay in mean age at acquisition of balano-preputial and vaginal patency and a decrease in body weight and food consumption in males. Treatment increased reticulocyte count, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels in both sexes and decreased hematocrit and protein in males. Increased absolute and relative liver and spleen weight in both sexes were observed. Male rats had lower thymus and testes weights, whereas female rats had lower uterine weights. Semicarbazide caused significant changes in sperm motility, sperm count, and sperm abnormality. Histopathologically, semicarbazide caused cortical hypertrophy in adrenals and increased extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen; hepatocellular hypertrophy, follicular epithelial hypertrophy in the thyroid, and degeneration of seminiferous tubules in the testis were observed at 60 mg/kg/day when compared to control. Results suggest that 60 mg/kg/day of semicarbazide can exert systemic toxicity in juvenile rats. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of semicarbazide for juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats was estimated to be 30 mg/kg/day.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Silver nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of nanomedicine. A comprehensive understanding of their pharmacokinetics is crucial for proper risk assessment and safe biomedical applications. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety of silver nanoparticles by determining their potential toxicity following 28 days of administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS: The silver nanoparticles were administered by intravenous injection at the doses of 100, 200 and 500 µg/kg body weight for 28 consecutive days. Animals in the control group were received sterile water for injection. Each group consists of 10 male and 10 female rats. RESULTS: No treatment-related effects were seen in any of the parameters monitored in rats given 100, 200 and 500 µg/kg body weight/day of silver nanoparticles. CONCLUSION: The study proved that the use of up to 500 µg/kg body weight biosynthesized silver nanoparticles have no toxic effect on the target organs and found safe. However, the safety of the nanoparticles might be attributed to the covering of biological moieties on nanoparticles. Hence, the biofunctionalized nanoparticles can be safely used by selecting the required size and dose in medicines and drug delivery systems.
Subject(s)
Metal Nanoparticles , Silver , Animals , Female , Male , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
Wound healing is a complicated process that begins at the onset of injury and a continued process till complete healing. The emergence of nanotechnology has provided a new therapeutic modality to silver nanoparticles in treatment of wounds. However, the safety of these silver nanoparticles in the process of wound healing is yet to be elucidated; nevertheless, biocompatibility is the primary concern. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was synthesized using aqueous clove extract and silver nitrate solution under microwave and the obtained particles size were 30-60â¯nm and roughly spherical in shape. The present study focused on the efficacy of biocompatible silver nanoparticles in vivo wound healing process. Consequently, this study supported the incorporation of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles in wound dressings as a cream formulation for improved healthcare.
Subject(s)
Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Silver/pharmacology , Skin Cream/standards , Wound Healing/drug effects , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bandages/standards , Female , Male , Nanoparticles/therapeutic use , Rats , Silver/therapeutic use , Skin Cream/pharmacology , Skin Cream/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Antimicrobial study of biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles has been done with the emphasis on its mechanism on both gram positive and negative bacteria. The biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles are employed considering their importance in green chemistry with respect to easy synthesis, usefulness, and economic synthetic procedure involved. The stability of these nanoparticles was determined by zeta potential analyzer. The probable mechanism of antibacterial activity was performed on Proteus mirabilis by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX) study which does not show the presence of silver. The free radicals generated by silver nanoparticles were responsible for lethal antibacterial activity by rupturing the cell surface which causes improper nutrient and signal supply. Free radical scavenging efficacy of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. AgNP enhanced the membrane leakage of reducing sugars by destroying the proteins existing on the cell wall. These nanoparticles are found to be toxic against human pathogens and are highly effective on Staphylococcus aureus. The effect of silver nanoparticles is concentration dependent and independent of the type of strains used.
ABSTRACT
Gold nanoparticles offer a great promise in clinical research. Despite various applications of the metal nanoparticles it is challenging to implement in vivo in clinical applications. This aspect is deprived of understanding the biological mechanisms that occurs in the cells. In this report we have evaluated application of AuNP on the safety profile at different doses (100, 200, and 500⯵g/kg Bwt/day) on intravenous administration in rats regularly for 28â¯days. The study was performed based on the OECD test guideline 407. No clinical signs and mortalities were observed in any groups of rat treated with AuNP. No evidence of toxicity was observed in any of the diverse studies performed which is noteworthy. The study includes survival, behavior, animal weight, organ morphology, blood biochemistry and tissue histology. The results indicate that tissue accumulation pattern of gold nanoparticles depends on the surface, size and doses of the nanoparticle. The accumulation of the particles does not produce subacute physiological damage.
ABSTRACT
A green chemistry approach to the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using edible mushroom Pleurotus florida (Oyster mushroom) by photo-irradiation method has been attempted. The mixture containing the aqueous gold ions and the mushroom extract was exposed to sunlight; this resulted in the formation of biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques like UV-visible spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction studies, Energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Atomic force microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The obtained biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles showed effective anti-cancer property against four different cancer cell lines A-549 (Human lung carcinoma), K-562 (Human chronic myelogenous leukemia bone marrow), HeLa (Human cervix) and MDA-MB (Human adenocarcinoma mammary gland) and no lethal effect is observed in Vero (African green monkey kidney normal cell) cell lines.
Subject(s)
Agaricales , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Gold/pharmacology , Metal Nanoparticles , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Chlorocebus aethiops , Complex Mixtures/chemistry , Complex Mixtures/pharmacology , Complex Mixtures/radiation effects , Gold Compounds/chemistry , Gold Compounds/radiation effects , Humans , Sunlight , Vero CellsABSTRACT
This is a report on photo-irradiated extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of edible oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) as a reducing agent. The appearance, size, and shape of the silver nanoparticles are understood by UV-visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The X-ray diffraction studies, energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicate that particles are crystalline in nature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that the nanoparticles are covered with biomoieties on their surface. As can be seen from our studies, the biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles thus produced have shown admirable antimicrobial effects, and the synthetic procedure involved is eco-friendly and simple, and hence high range production of the same can be considered for using them in many pharmaceutical applications.
ABSTRACT
Crystallized and spherical-shaped Au and Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles have been synthesized and stabilized using a fungus, F. semitectum in an aqueous system. Aqueous solutions of chloroaurate ions for Au and chloroaurate and Ag+ ions (1 : 1 ratio) for Au-Ag alloy were treated with an extracellular filtrate of F. semitectum biomass for the formation of Au nanoparticles (AuNP) and Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles (Au-AgNP). Analysis of the feasibility of the biosynthesized nanoparticles and core-shell alloy nanoparticles from fungal strains is particularly significant. The resultant colloidal suspensions are highly stable for many weeks. The obtained Au and Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles were characterized by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks using a UV-vis spectrophotometer, and the structure, morphology and size were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Possible optoelectronics and medical applications of these nanoparticles are envisaged.