ABSTRACT
In many developing countries, such as Ethiopia, water quality and the risk of water-related diseases are serious public health issues. The present study goal was to assess the drinking water quality from source to household tap water. To characterize and analyze drinking water quality parameters, 21 water samples were collected, of which 11 water samples were collected from sources (spring, borehole, and river), 4 from service reservoirs, and 6 from tap water. The mean values of the parameters were as follows: total dissolved solids (TDS) (142.79 mg/L), temperature (22.08°C), turbidity (9.49 NTU), electrical conductivity (EC) (250.14°µS/cm), pH (7.45 mg/L), fluoride (1.15 mg/L), nitrate (NO3-) (2.91 mg/L), total hardness (TH) (57.45 mg/L), calcium (41.7 6 mg/l), magnesium (10.74 mg/L), phosphate (0.44 mg/L), sulfate (3.99 mg/L), residual chlorine (1.53 mg/L), alkalinity (196.39 mg/L), and microbiological (total coliform and coliform/CFU) which were the main physiochemical parameters analyzed for the study. The findings revealed that the majority of the water quality parameters tested were within the WHO and National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS). However, some of the parameters such as temperature, turbidity, fluoride, and residual chlorine did not meet the standards. The mean temperatures at the source, reservoir, and tap water were 22.01°C 22.5°C,and 21.83°C, respectively. Turbidity levels in source samples ranged from 10 to 45 NTU, with a mean of 24.5 NTU, exceeding the WHO's recommendation of less than 5 NTU. The Boko Alamura well had a high fluoride content (3.9 mg/l), which was above the WHO and NDWQS permissible limits. There was no free residual chlorine in the tap water sample. The results show that the Hawassa drinking water supply did not contain total or fecal coliform in any of the samples tested. The overall WQI for the water source, reservoir, and tap water was also determined to be 89, 71, and 69.7 points, respectively. Therefore, based on the WQI result, Hawassa drinking water quality is good for the source, reservoir, and tap water.
ABSTRACT
Water loss has become increasingly critical as the severity of the water shortage situation has grown in recent decades. One of the options for reducing water loss in urban water distribution networks is pressure management. The study aimed to evaluate and optimize the existing water distribution system in the city. The proposed methodology is an interactive combination process between an optimization algorithm and WaterGEMS V8i to evaluate the performance of the distribution system. It was observed that, 43.80% of nodes (15-60 mH2O), 5.10% of nodes (15 mH2O), and 51.10% of nodes (>60 mH2O) received pressure during peak hour demand. During low demand periods, only 4.4% of nodes (15-60 mH2O) and 95.60% of nodes (>60 mH2O) received pressure. The water age simulation results revealed that, 51.70% of the pipes were received water age <4.8 h, whereas the other 48.3% of the pipes were received water age <8.6 h during peak hour demand. During low demand periods, 45.58% of the pipes had a water age of less than 4.8 h while the other 54.42% of the pipes had water age of 4.8-20 h. The optimization result showed that after optimization, 4.4% of the nodes with optimum pressure increased to 75.18%, and 95.6% of the nodes decreased to 24.82%. Changing the size of the pipe based on the optimization result, and dividing an area into different pressure zones (adding more reservoirs at the far end of the distribution system) are all ways to improve or upgrade the distribution system.
ABSTRACT
The high expense of chemical coagulant-treated water forces most people in rural regions to rely on easily available sources, which are usually of poor quality, and expose them to waterborne infections. According to this statement, the purpose of this study was to confirm the efficiency of extracting powder Moringa oleifera seeds, which are widely available in rural regions. The experiment was done based on a random design load of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 g/500 ml of powder extracted from Moringa seeds. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, and turbidity were determined for both acidic and basic characteristics of wastewater. The optimum dosage of Moringa oleifera was 0.4 g/500 ml in both characteristics of wastewater in the case of color and turbidity. Moringa oleifera maximum reduction in turbidity, color, and COD in acidic wastewater was 98 %, 90.76 %, and 65.8 % respectively; while, the maximum reduction of turbidity, color, and COD in basic wastewater were 99.5 %, 97.7 %, and 65.82 % respectively. The study was demonstrated that, the application of RSM for seeking optimum conditions in the coagulation process for the treatment of wastewater. Moringa seed powder works best with a 7-9 pH range. The study also investigated that, best adsorption equilibrium was observed when using 0.1 g of Moringa oleifera seed powder. All the results showed that Moringa oleifera seeds were very effective for the removal of impurities.
