ABSTRACT
Through medicinal chemistry lead optimization studies focused on calculated properties and guided by X-ray crystallography and computational modeling, potent pan-JNK inhibitors were identified that showed submicromolar activity in a cellular assay. Using in vitro ADME profiling data, 9t was identified as possessing favorable permeability and a low potential for efflux, but it was rapidly cleared in liver microsomal incubations. In a mouse pharmacokinetics study, compound 9t was brain-penetrant after oral dosing, but exposure was limited by high plasma clearance. Brain exposure at a level expected to support modulation of a pharmacodynamic marker in mouse was achieved when the compound was coadministered with the pan-cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole.
Subject(s)
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Disease Models, Animal , Dogs , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Half-Life , Humans , Huntington Disease/drug therapy , Huntington Disease/metabolism , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells/drug effects , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/drug effects , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The synergistic activity between nitric oxide (NO) released from diazeniumdiolate-modified proline (PROLI/NO) and silver(I) sulfadiazine (AgSD) was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis using a modified broth microdilution technique and a checkerboard-type assay. The combination of NO and AgSD was defined as synergistic when the fractional bactericidal concentration (FBC) was calculated to be <0.5. Gram-negative species were generally more susceptible to the individual antimicrobial agents than the Gram-positive bacteria, while Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to combination therapy. The in vitro synergistic activity of AgSD and NO observed against a range of pathogens strongly supports future investigation of this therapeutic combination, particularly for its potential use in the treatment of burns and chronic wounds.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Nitric Oxide/pharmacology , Silver Sulfadiazine/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Gram-Negative Bacteria/growth & development , Gram-Positive Bacteria/growth & development , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Nitric Oxide/chemical synthesis , Nitric Oxide/chemistry , Silver Sulfadiazine/chemical synthesis , Silver Sulfadiazine/chemistryABSTRACT
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the morphological changes of two gram-negative pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, after exposure to nitric oxide (NO). The time-dependent effects of NO released from a xerogel coating and the concentration-dependent effects rendered by a small molecule that releases NO in a bolus were examined and compared. Bacteria exhibited irregular and degraded exteriors. With NO-releasing surfaces, an increase in surface debris and disorganized adhesion patterns were observed compared to controls. Analysis of cell surface topography revealed that increasing membrane roughness correlated with higher doses of NO. At a lower total dose, NO delivered via a bolus resulted in greater membrane roughness than NO released from a surface via a sustained flux. At sub-inhibitory levels, treatment with amoxicillin, an antibiotic known to compromise the integrity of the cell wall, led to morphologies resembling those resulting from NO treatment. Our observations indicate that cell envelope deterioration is a visible consequence of NO-exposure for both gram-negative species studied.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Escherichia coli/cytology , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Microscopy, Atomic Force , Nitric Oxide/pharmacology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/cytology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Amoxicillin/pharmacology , Biocompatible Materials/chemistry , Cell Membrane/drug effects , Drug Delivery Systems , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Surface Properties/drug effectsABSTRACT
A quantitative method for measuring the shear force required to detach individual adhered bacteria using atomic force microscopy (AFM) was developed. By determining the total compression of the cantilever during cell detachment events, a more accurate means of calculating the applied lateral force necessary to remove individual cells was achieved compared to previous methods. In addition, a tunable assay for monitoring the dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus adhesion strength was employed. The accumulation of force measurements over time allowed for the characterization of adhesion strength kinetics. P. aeruginosa reinforced its adhesion to the surface at a rate 7-fold faster than for S. aureus; the average adhesion strength of P. aeruginosa was larger than that of S. aureus at corresponding time points. Adhered cells of the same species and strain demonstrated a range of adhesion forces that broadened with time, indicating that the change in adhesion strength does not proceed uniformly.
