Multicomponent Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine: Access to Abnormal Mannich and Mannich-Type Reaction.

This study showcases successfully switchable approaches to accomplish the C3-aryl methylation and C3- amino methylation of privileged nitrogen-containing pharmaceutical compounds "imidazopyridines" with distinct amines, which surmounts the long-standing requirement for a superfluous directing group. These two transformations manifest pronounced regio- and chemo-divergent behavior, successfully demonstrating unprecedented multicomponent "abnormal Mannich and Mannich-type" reactions. The remarkable environmentally benign protocol has been efficiently extended to concise the synthesis and late-stage derivatization.

Mangiferin from Enicostemma littorale Blume with in silico and in vitro anti-inflammatory potential.

The bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract of aerial parts of Enicostemma littorale resulted in two fractions 3 and 4 with moderate and potent antioxidant activity, respectively. The purification of fraction 3 gave swertiamarin (1), while the LCMS profile of fraction 4 unveiled the presence of another constituent along with swertiamarin. The extensive purification of fraction 4 led to the unusual isolation of mangiferin (2) from E. littorale. The uncommon isolation of mangiferin from E. littorale motivated us to conduct its in silico and in vitro screening as an anti-inflammatory agent. Both studies have proved mangiferin to be a promising anti-inflammatory molecule with a binding energy of -9.17 kcal/mol against Cyclooxygenase-2 protein and IC50 of 146.07 nanomolar. This study is the first report of the isolation of mangiferin, a xanthone glycoside from E. littorale.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Vitamin C and E supplementation and high intensity interval training induced changes in lipid profile and haematological variables of young males.

High intensity interval training (HIIT) causes oxidative stress and haematological alteration. Present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks' supplementation of vitamin C and E on HIIT induced changes in lipid profile parameters and haematological variables. Hundred six male adolescent players were randomly assigned into five age-matched groups, i.e., Control (no exercise+placebo), HIIT (placebo), HIIT â€‹+ â€‹vitamin-C (1 000 â€‹mg/day), HIIT â€‹+ â€‹vitamin-E 400 IU/day) and combined HIIT â€‹+ â€‹vitamin C and E. Morning and evening sessions (90 â€‹min) of HIIT included 4 phases (15 â€‹min each) with 3 sets (4 â€‹min each). Each 4 â€‹min HIIT set consisted of 2 â€‹min intense sprint workout (90%-95% of heart rate maximum [HRmax]) followed by 1 â€‹min active recovery (60%-70% HRmax) followed by 1 â€‹min of complete rest (1:1 work-rest ratio). Lipid profile parameters, haematological variables, endurance capacity and vertical jump were evaluated by standard protocols. Significant decrease in body weight, fat%, total cholesterol, triglyceride, Total Cholesterol/High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and significant increase in High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, maximal oxygen consumption, vertical jump were observed for all four intervention groups. White blood cell count, red blood cell count, haemoglobin percentage and haematocrit values were significantly decreased while platelet count and platelet-to-leukocyte ratio (PLR) ratio were increased significantly only for HIIT group. Blood level of tocopherol and ascorbic acid was significantly increased (values were within the normal range) in all the respective vitamin supplemented groups. Supplementation of vitamin C and E secures health protection with suppressed haemolysis and improved inflammatory blood variables with enhanced explosive leg strength and lipid profile parameters without any concomitant change in endurance capacity.

Polynaphthalene-Based Oxazaborinine Complexes Formulated as Red Light Emitters and High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors.

Developing a solid organic emitter based on an oxazaborinine complex with improved photophysical characteristics has become essential to fulfilling the rising need for optical and electrochemical technology. Two oxazaborinine complexes (TNB (a tri-naphthalene boron complex) and DNB (a di-naphthalene boron complex)) decorated with naphthalene and triphenylamine have been developed, which show emission in the red light region in the solid phase. Their effectiveness as asymmetric supercapacitor electrodes in aqueous electrolytes is also being studied. Polynapthaldimine-substituted DNI (di-naphthalene imine) and TNI (tri-naphthalene imine) have been initially synthesized and converted to a N,O-linked boron complex. TNB in solids (λem 660 nm) and the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite (λem 632 nm) emit pure red light. The optimized structure has been generated, and the HOMO-LUMO energy was calculated with the help of density functional theory (DFT). Due to the higher conjugation effect and lower HOMO-LUMO energy difference, TNB could be used as a supercapacitor electrode. In a three-electrode configuration, TNB has a maximum specific capacitance of 896.25 F/g. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor device (ASC) was fabricated in an aqueous electrolyte using TNB as a positive electrode having a high specific capacitance of 155 F/g. Even in an aqueous electrolyte, the ASC device reached the operating potential window of 0 to 1.4 V with an enhanced energy density of 42.19 W h/kg and ∼96% cyclic stability after 10 000 cycles. The reported oxazaborinine complex and its electrochemical efficiency in aqueous electrolytes make it ideal for supercapacitor applications and directly impact the development of advanced electrodes for next-generation supercapacitors.

Strategy to Design a Flexible and Macromolecular Sensor to Bind Cd2+ Ions: A Complete Photophysical Analysis and Bio-Imaging Study.

A novel triazole-bridged coumarin-benzimidazole-conjugated fluorescence sensor (4) has been developed for selective detection of Cd2+ over other competitive metal ions. The sensor exhibited quick "turn-on" responses upon interaction with a very low level of Cd2+ (14 nM). The photophysical changes in the complexation of Cd2+ with sensor 4 have been explained through the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer mechanism. The involvement of benzimidazole and triazole moieties in Cd2+ binding was confirmed by different spectroscopic techniques such as UV-vis, Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and ESI mass. The diameter of the circular shape of the sensor decreased upon complexation with Cd2+, which was confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the quantum chemical (density functional theory) calculation supported the mechanism of interactions and the mode of binding of 4 toward Cd2+. The sensor was more effective for finding Cd2+ in two living cells, C6 (rat glial cell) and Hep G2 (human liver cell).

Application of the Meerwein reaction of 1,4-benzoquinone to a metal-free synthesis of benzofuropyridine analogues.

Several new heterocyclic systems based on a hydroxybenzofuro[2,3-b]pyridine building block were prepared. This benzofuropyridine is easily available from the Meerwein reaction of benzoquinone and a heterocyclic diazonium salt, followed by reduction and cyclization. Electrophilic substitution and further condensations give polycyclic systems, including oxazolo- and chromeno-fused analogues.

Effect of high intensity interval training on antioxidant status, inflammatory response and muscle damage indices in endurance team male players

Introduction: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has previously been reported having the effect of training period on altering oxidant status, muscle damage and performance. The present study was aimed to understand and evaluate the adaptive response of 8 weeks HIIT on muscle damage indices, inflammatory markers, oxidative stress variables and physical fitness parameters.MethodsForty young endurance male players [i.e., football (n=20) and field hockey (n=20)] were recruited under two groups i.e., control and HIIT. 8 weeks long 3h/day of sprint-HIIT was intervened for thrice/week. HIIT workouts includes total 4 sets/session (divided into 2 phase×2 sets×2min) of all-out sprint workout (at 90–95% of HRmax with work: rest=1:1). Muscle damage indices (CK and LDH), inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF-α), oxidative stress variables (MDA, SOD, GSH and GPx) and physical fitness variables (VO2max, Wpeak and VJ) were assessed via following standard protocols.ResultThe HIIT resulted to significantly(p<0.001) increase BMI (1.1%), LDH (15.0%), CK (14.4%), cortisol (9.4%), IL-6 (15.7%), TNF-α (18.2%), MDA (29.5%), VO2max (13.6%), Wpeak (11.6%), VJ (11.2%) and GPx (0.4%) along with significant (p<0.001) reduction in BF% (7.6%), SOD (11.1%), GSH (10.8%) content of athletes.ConclusionAntioxidant redox imbalance confers inflammatory oxidative stress condition which further leads to muscle damage and that may cause due to HIIT induced temporary hypoxic condition which contrarily induced overtraining effect but with improving performance variables. (AU)

Dicyanamide-intertwined assembly of two new Zn complexes based on N2O4-type pro-ligand: Synthesis, crystal networks, spectroscopic insights, and selective nitroaromatic turn-off fluorescence sensing.

Two new dicyanamide bridged multinuclear Zn complexes, [Zn2(L1)(µ1,5-dca)2(µ1-dca)]n (1) and [Zn2(L2)(µ1,5-dca)2(µ1-dca)]n (2) have been synthesized using N2O4-based pro-ligands (H2L1 = N,N'-bis(5-bromo-3-methoxysalicylidenimino)-1,3-diaminopropane, H2L2 = N,N'-bis(3-ethoxysalicylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine) and characterized by microanalytical and spectroscopic techniques. Both complexes are stable in solution and solid-state. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) findings showed that complexes are stable at room temperature. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) has proven that complexes are identical structures where two zinc metal ions are crystallographically independent. The directional properties of dicyanamide co-ligands via µ1,5 bridging have resulted in different connectivity of zinc metal ions leading to 1D templates. SCXRD revealed some notable non-covalent interactions (π⋯π, C-H····π, and H-bonding) in their solid-state crystal structures. 1-2 have strong fluorescence behaviour over pro-ligands, which may be quenched in the presence of various electron-deficient explosive nitroaromatic compounds (epNACs). Complex 2 fluorescence intensity is sharper than 1; hence the former retained high sensitivity and selectivity for trinitrophenol (TNP). The enhancement of fluorescence mechanism, detection limit (LOD), and the quenching constant (KSV) have been calculated using the Stern-Volmer equation (SV), where the KSV value for TNP is found to be 1.542 × 104 M-1. The solution phase quenching mechanism has been rationalized by (a) electrostatic interactions through charge-transfer complex, (b) photo-induced electron transfer (PET) by the HOMO-LUMO energy gap via DFT, and (c) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Finally, complex 2 is applied as a sensor by turn-off fluorescence response to detecting TNP nitroaromatics in the DMF medium.

Unusual absence of FRET in triazole bridged coumarin-hydroxyquinoline, an active sensor for Hg2+ detection.

A triazole-bridged coumarin conjugated quinoline sensor has been 'click'-synthesized by Cu(i) catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition, and it exhibited high selectivity for toxic Hg2+. Surprisingly, no evidence of energy transfer from the quinoline moiety to coumarin has been found, substantiated by time-resolved fluorescence study. The possible binding mode of this sensor to Hg2+ has been established via NMR study, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, which is further supported by TDDFT calculations. The sensor has been found to be cell membrane permeable and non-toxic, and hence is suitable for intracellular Hg2+ detection.

Novel Class of Isoxazole-Based Gelators for the Separation of Bisphenol A from Water and Cleanup of Oil Spills.

A series of low-molecular-weight gelators based on an isoxazole backbone were synthesized, which showed robust and phase-selective gelation of a series of oils. Due to their excellent phase-selective and cogelation properties, they were employed for the separation of bisphenol and the recovery of oil spills from water. The driving force and morphology of these gels were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic studies.

Synthesis, characterization, physical and thermodynamic properties of a novel anionic surfactant derived from Sapindus laurifolius.

The present study deals with the synthesis, characterization, physical and thermodynamic properties of a novel anionic surfactant derived from Sapindus laurifolius for its potential application against conventional non-biodegradable surfactants. The synthesized surfactant was characterized by FTIR, GC-MS, EDX and FE-SEM analyses. The surfactant showed good thermal stability at different temperatures as obtained from TGA studies. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) values were obtained by surface tensiometry measurements. DLS studies revealed the micelle structures of the CMC aggregates at higher concentrations. Low interfacial tension values were obtained at the oil-aqueous interfaces for surfactant solutions. The effect of temperature on the interfacial behaviour was also investigated. Thermodynamic studies showed that adsorption was more favoured in comparison to micellization for all systems. Foam stability studies were performed as a function of time and concentration by the Bartsch method. The surfactant also formed stable emulsions at concentrations near the CMC value. A comprehensive assessment of the thermal, interfacial, foaming and emulsifying properties of the soap-nut-based surfactant provides grounds for potential application in a wide range of industries.

Intracellular detection of hazardous Cd2+ through a fluorescence imaging technique by using a nontoxic coumarin based sensor.

A new coumarin based turn on fluorescent sensor (R1) was reported for the detection of highly hazardous Cd2+ with excellent selectivity and sensitivity without any interference of other metal ions. The single crystal X-ray structure analysis of the sensor showed the actual geometry of the molecule. For the first time, a Cd2+ induced FRET mechanism was observed and explained accordingly. Instant naked eye detection of Cd2+ through a sharp colour change signified the practical applicability of R1. The sensor of high quantum yield was applied in the intracellular detection of poisonous Cd2+ in living HeLa S3 cells.

Lead ion induced chemodosimeter approach of a tripodal hydroxyl-quinoline based phospho-ester through P-O bond cleavage.

Lead ion induced P-O bond breaking with instant colour change was observed in a tripodal hydroxyl-quinoline based phosphor-ester (). A new penta-coordinated lead chelate complex [Pb4HQ6(ClO4)2] was found. The hydrolysis reaction followed by P-O bond cleavage with 'Pb-O' and 'Pb-N' bond formation proved the chemodosimeter approach.

A comparison of the point of deflection from linearity of heart rate and the ventilatory threshold in the determination of the anaerobic threshold in Indian boys.

The purpose of the study was to assess whether the point of deflection from linearity of heart rate (HRD) could be used as an alternative method to determine the ventilatory threshold (VT) in Indian (Bengali) boys that represents the determination of the anaerobic threshold (AT), and also to standardize an exercise test to be effective in eliciting AT in Indian (Bengali) boys by using HRD. Twenty six (26) boys with a mean age of 12.8 (+/-1.18) years performed a graded maximal exercise test on a treadmill to determine peak VO(2), HRD and VT. The mean peak VO(2), weight related peak VO(2), peak pulmonary ventilation, and peak heart rate of the boys were found to be 1.75 l/min, 47.1 ml/kg/min, 66.9 l/min and 200.2 beats/min respectively. There were no significant differences between mean VO(2), weight related VO(2), pulmonary ventilation (VE), heart rate and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) that were measured at VT and HRD. The mean VO(2) measured at VT and HRD was found to be 1.46 and 1.45 l/min, which were about 84% and 83% of their respective peak values. Linear regression analysis revealed a correlation of 0.94 (p<0.01) between VO(2) measured at VT and VO(2) measured at HRD, so the present study indicates that the point of deflection from linearity of heart rate (HRD) may be an accurate predictor of VT in most but not all boys.

Directed molecular recognition: design and synthesis of neutral receptors for biotin to bind both its functional groups.

The neutral receptors 1 and 2 are designed and synthesized for the recognition of biotin, a biologically significant molecule, in chloroform to bind completely both of its functional groups simultaneously, i.e., cyclic urea and the carboxyl groups. The truncated receptor 3 binds only the cyclic urea moiety.

Coronary artery disease risk factors & their association with physical activity in older athletes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of present-day physical activity on selected coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors of older former athletes and to compare these selected risk factors with age-matched older non-athletes. METHODS: The selected CAD risk factors were compared among the active older athletes ( n= 52; 45.9 +/- 4.75 years), sedentary older athletes ( n= 54; 47.2 +/- 4.67 years), and sedentary older non-athletes (n = 56; 46.0 +/- 5.26 years) of Calcutta and surroundings. CAD risk factors including anthropometric obesity parameters, blood lipids and blood pressure were measured. The present-day total physical activity of each individual was assessed by a questionnaire and estimated through the sum of energy expended during habitual, professional, recreational and conditioning physical activities, and sleeping time. The total physical activity was expressed as energy expended in mega joules per kilogram of body weight per week (MJ.kg. week ). Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was assessed by maximal treadmill test. Body score distributions in each group were also calculated. RESULTS: The selected CAD risk factors differed significantly among the groups. The sedentary older athletes had significantly higher mean values in weight, BMI, body fat percentage, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (total C/HDLC) than that of active older athletes and sedentary older non-athletes. A reverse trend was observed in the case of HDL cholesterol. On the other hand, the presently active older athletes had significantly favourable levels of most of the selected CAD risk factors than the sedentary older athletes and non-athletes. The present-day total physical activity had significant negative association with total cholesterol, ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, resting systolic blood pressure when controlling for the effects of age, body mass index and body fat percentages. So, it is confirmed from this analysis that the subjects in the present study who had a greater present-day total physical activity had favourable CAD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the risk for CAD or levels of selected CAD risk factors of former athletes after retirement from active sports were more related to the present-day physical activity i.e., higher total physical activity lowers the risk of coronary artery disease.