ABSTRACT
The reactions of CuCl2·2H2O with chromone thiosemicarbazone ligands containing a -H or -CH3 substituent on terminal N yielded monometallic Cu(ii) complexes [Cu(HL1)Cl2] (1) and [Cu(HL2)Cl2] (2), whereas bimetallic Cu(ii) complexes [Cu(µ-Cl)(HL3)]2Cl2 (3), [Cu(µ-Cl)(HL4)]2Cl2 (4) and [Cu(µ-Cl)(L5)]2 (5) were obtained when a -C2H5, -C6H11 or -C6H5 substituent was present, respectively, in the ligands. The complexes were characterized using elemental analyses, UV-Vis, FT-IR, EPR, mass and TGA studies. The structures of neutral monometallic and dicationic bimetallic complexes were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and they exhibited a distorted square pyramidal geometry around Cu(ii) ions. The catecholase-mimicking activity of complexes 1-5 was examined spectrophotometrically, and the results revealed that all the complexes except 5 had the ability to oxidize 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (3,5-DTBC) to 3,5-di-tert-butylquinone (3,5-DTBQ) under aerobic conditions with moderate turnover numbers. In order to find the possible complex-substrate intermediates, a mass spectrometry study was carried out for complexes 1-4 in the presence of 3,5-DTBC. The phosphatase-like activity of 1-5 was also investigated using 4-nitrophenylphosphate (4-NPP) as a model substrate. All the complexes exhibited excellent phosphatase activity in DMF-H2O medium. The complexes displayed significant biomolecular interactions and antioxidant potential. Complex 3 showed good interaction with apoptotic CASP3 protein, VEGFR2 and PIM-1 kinase receptors as revealed by a molecular docking study. Complexes (3-5) exhibited promising cytotoxicity against HeLa-cervical cancer cells with IC50 values of 2.24 (3), 2.25 (4) and 3.77 (5) µM, respectively, and showed a two-fold higher activity than cisplatin. The active complex 3 showed complete inhibition of colony formation at 10 µM concentration. In addition, the acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB) staining and real-time live cell imaging results confirmed that complex 3 induced cell death in HeLa cells.
