Shoulder, upper arm and elbow injuries in high school men's American football.

In order to reduce shoulder, upper arm and elbow injury rates in American football, identifying injury risk factors and any underlying associations is needed. No prior study has done such characterization at the high school level. A descriptive epidemiology study was performed using data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury, and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP) from the years 2011/12 to 2013/14 on high school football athletes. Four hundred and sixty total injuries were found in the dataset. Acromioclavicular (AC) sprains had the highest incidence of all injuries (0.060 injuries per 1000 exposures). Fractures lead to the greatest time lost (42.24 days). Most injuries occurred in older athletes (juniors and seniors, 30% and 32%, respectively), were related to tackling (31%), and in running back and linebacker positions (15% each). Orthopaedic surgeons and other sports medicine specialists can use these findings to educate players, coaches and families about injury risks and for improving injury prevention guidelines.

Influence of drying time on prewetted disinfectant towelettes to disinfect glass surfaces.

The use of prewetted disinfectant towelettes in health care settings proves challenging because they may dry quickly, reducing disinfection. This study examined the drying time of various commercial disinfectant towelettes and the efficacy of these towelettes over time to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus from glass surfaces. This study confirms that these disinfectants dry quickly. Further disinfection after drying time on glass is minimal, but dependent on the type of disinfectant.

Evaluation of disinfectants and wiping substrates combinations to inactivate Staphylococcus aureus on Formica coupons.

Effective disinfection in healthcare facilities prevents healthcare-associated infections. This study evaluated the ability of Environmental Protection Agency-approved disinfectants (quaternary ammonium compound, QAC; sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide) applied with 3 wiping substrates (microfiber, nonwoven, and cotton) to remove Staphylococcus aureus from Formica surfaces. All treatments reduced S aureus on Formica squares with the exception of QAC applied with cotton and QAC, nondisinfectant, and control applied with a nonwoven cloth. Sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide applied with cotton or microfiber, respectively, may be the best choice for disinfection of Formica surfaces in healthcare settings.