ABSTRACT
The dissemination of Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) in food is a critical concern for human health and food safety. The present study is the first to systematically examine the diverse plant-origin foods such as cucumber, carrot, tomato, radish, chilli, fenugreek, coriander, peppermint, spring onion, cabbage, and spinach for the presence of ExPEC or specific putative ExPEC pathotypes with an in-depth assessment of their phylogenetics, virulence, and drug resistance. A total of 77 (15.9 %) ExPEC isolates were recovered from 1780 samples of the diverse plant-origin foods of distinct environments. Specific putative ExPEC pathotypes such as Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC, 23.3 %) and Septicemia-associated E. coli (SEPEC, 24.6 %) were identified among ExPEC isolates. The Clermont revisited new phylotyping method revealed the varied distribution (1-27 %) of specific putative ExPEC pathotypes in the different phylogenetic lineages such as A, D/E, B1, and Clade 1, etc. All putative ExPEC pathotypes possess multiple genes (4.3-92.8 %) or phenotypes (3.3-100 %) associated with their virulence. In-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all putative ExPEC pathotypes demonstrated the presence of 100 % multidrug resistance with moderate to high (52-100 %) resistance to drugs used as last-resorts (chloramphenicol, colistin) or frontline (nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, gentamicin) in ExPEC-associated infections in humans. Overall, the present findings significantly contribute to our better understanding of the presence of ExPEC in the non-clinical niche, such as plant-origin foods with a possible consequence on human health and food safety.
