Targeting the Hypoxic and Acidic Tumor Microenvironment with pH-Sensitive Peptides.

The delivery of cancer therapeutics can be limited by pharmacological issues such as poor bioavailability and high toxicity to healthy tissue. pH-low insertion peptides (pHLIPs) represent a promising tool to overcome these limitations. pHLIPs allow for the selective delivery of agents to tumors on the basis of pH, taking advantage of the acidity of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. This review article highlights the various applications in which pHLIPs have been utilized for targeting and treating diseases in hypoxic environments, including delivery of small molecule inhibitors, toxins, nucleic acid analogs, fluorescent dyes, and nanoparticles.

The mechanistic duality of (thio)urea organocatalysts for ring-opening polymerization.

Among the various catalysts for ROP, H-bonding organocatalysts stand out in the precise level of reaction control they are able to render during ROP. The H-bonding class of organocatalysts are thought to effect ROP via dual activation of both monomer and chain end. (Thio)urea mediated ROP has experienced a renaissance as a new polymerization mechanism - mediated by imidate or thioimidate species - facilitates new modes of reactivity and new synthetic abilities. Indeed, the urea class of H-bond donors has been shown to be more active than their corresponding thioureas. The imidate mechanism remains highly active in polar solvents and exhibits remarkable control - and 'living' behavior - under solvent-free conditions, and a broad range of temperatures is accessible. The advancements in synthetic abilities have all evolved through a greater understanding of reaction mechanism. Through the continued synergistic advances of catalysis and material, the (thio)urea class of catalyst can find use in a host of potential applications, research and industrial environments.

Triclocarban: Commercial Antibacterial and Highly Effective H-Bond Donating Catalyst for Ring-Opening Polymerization.

The antibacterial compound, triclocarban (TCC), is shown to be a highly effective H-bond donating catalyst for ring-opening polymerization (ROP) when applied with an H-bond accepting base cocatalyst. These ROPs exhibit the characteristics of "living" polymerizations. TCC is shown to possess the high activity characteristic of urea (vs thiourea) H-bond donors. The urea class of H-bond donors is shown to remain highly active in H-bonding solvents, a trait that is not displayed by the corresponding thiourea H-bond donors. Two H-bond donating ureas that are electronically similar to TCC are evaluated for their efficacy in ROP, and a mechanism of action is proposed. This "off-the-shelf" H-bond donor is among the most active and most controlled organocatalysts for the ROP of lactones.

Bis- and Tris-Urea H-Bond Donors for Ring-Opening Polymerization: Unprecedented Activity and Control from an Organocatalyst.

A new class of H-bond donating ureas was developed for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactone monomers, and they exhibit dramatic rate acceleration versus previous H-bond mediated polymerization catalysts. The most active of these new catalysts, a tris-urea H-bond donor, is among the most active organocatalysts known for ROP, yet it retains the high selectivity of H-bond mediated organocatalysts. The urea cocatalyst, along with an H-bond accepting base, exhibits the characteristics of a "living" ROP, is highly active, in one case, accelerating a reaction from days to minutes, and remains active at low catalyst loadings. The rate acceleration exhibited by this H-bond donor occurs for all base cocatalysts examined. A mechanism of action is proposed, and the new catalysts are shown to accelerate small molecule transesterifications versus currently known monothiourea catalysts. It is no longer necessary to choose between a highly active or highly selective organocatalyst for ROP.