To Evaluate and Compare the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Disinfecting Agents on K-file against Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria of Endodontic Origin: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction: Microorganisms induce a variety of infections and diseases in the human body and are largely ubiquitous in the nature of the contamination, directly, or indirectly leading to transmission of infectious agents. A substantial number of bacterial species have been identified as inhabitants of the oral cavity. Infection control is a major topic of concern in medical and dental healthcare settings. Aim: To evaluate the disinfecting ability of various herbal extracts on sterilization of endodontic files against endodontic pathogens. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in three phases to evaluate the disinfecting ability of tea tree, neem, eucalyptus, and ajwain oil on sterilization of endodontic files against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus ß-hemolyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Peptostreptococcus species, and Bacteroides fragilis. Results: Colony-forming units (CFU) of all tested bacteria among group I (tea tree oil) were found to be significantly lower than that among group II (ajwain oil), group III (eucalyptus oil), and group IV (neem oil), respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity among all the essential oils was found to be maximum for tea tree oil, followed in descending order by ajwain, eucalyptus, and neem oils. Hence, the incorporation of these herbs in dental practice will prove to be a valuable adjunct in dental treatment. Clinical significance: Herbs have also been long used in various endodontic medicaments and dressings with obtundent and soothing effects and exhibited a great microbial inhibition potential against the tested endodontic pathogens. How to cite this article: Opi K, Dhinsa K, Tripathi AM, et al. To Evaluate and Compare the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Disinfecting Agents on K-file against Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria of Endodontic Origin: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-2):S161-S167.

Evaluation of Indirect Pulp Capping Using MTA, Light-cured Calcium Silicate, and Propolis in Primary Teeth: A Clinical and Radiographic Study Using VistaScan.

Aims: Clinical and radiographic evaluation of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), TheraCal LC, and propolis when used as an indirect pulp capping agent in primary teeth over a period of 6 months. Materials and methods: A total of 42 primary molar teeth from children aged 4-10 years were chosen for the study. The teeth were divided equally into three groups (group I: MTA, group II: light cured calcium silicate, and group III: propolis). The teeth were followed up clinically and radiographically at 3 and 6 months. The teeth that showed successful treatment outcomes clinically and radiographically were evaluated for the amount of dentin bridge formed at the end of 3 and 6 months, which was measured using CorelDRAW software. The data obtained was analyzed statistically using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results: The mean change in dentin thickness from baseline to 3 months in group II was found to be the highest, followed by groups I and III. The mean change in dentin thickness from 3 months to 6 months was highest in group I, followed by groups III and II. The mean change in dentin thickness from baseline to 6 months in group II was found to be significantly higher than that of group I, followed by group III. Conclusion: Clinically and radiographically, all three materials showed favorable outcomes when used as an indirect pulp capping material with significant reparative dentin formation. The highest amount of dentin deposition was recorded with light-cured calcium silicate, followed by MTA and propolis, respectively. How to cite this article: Saikia D, Yadav G, Saha S, et al. Evaluation of Indirect Pulp Capping Using MTA, Light-cured Calcium Silicate, and Propolis in Primary Teeth: A Clinical and Radiographic Study Using VistaScan. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(5):686-691.

A Cephalometric Study of Sella Turcica: Correlation of Its Size with Different Skeletal Malocclusions.

Introduction: The present study was done to determine the size of the sella turcica in different skeletal type subjects and to evaluate if any significant difference exists between them, which could be the basis for early diagnosis. Materials and methods: A total of 60 lateral cephalograms of patients above 15 years of age were selected and distributed according to skeletal malocclusion into class I (n = 20), class II (n = 20), and 20 class III (n = 20). Syndromic patients (physically/mentally/both) or patients with major illnesses were not included. Two linear measurements of the sella turcica, that is, length and depth in mid-sagittal plane, were obtained in accordance with Silverman and Kisling method. Unpaired t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed. Results: The mean length of sella turcica in class I, class II, and class III subjects was 3.81, 3.37, and 3.9, respectively. Similarly, the mean depth of sella turcica in class I, class II, and class III subjects was 7.6, 6.83, and 9.075, respectively. Conclusion: No significant difference in length of the sella turcica could be found between different skeletal types. Maximum depth of sella turcica was found to be in subjects with class III and minimum with class II skeletal types. Clinical significance: The linear dimensions of sella turcica can be used to approximate the pituitary gland size. The pedodontist should be familiar with different morphologies of the sella turcica to differentiate normal from abnormal appearance so that treatment can be diagnosed and treated early. How to cite this article: Grover N, Khan DUZ, Bhagchandani J, et al. A Cephalometric Study of Sella Turcica: Correlation of Its Size with Different Skeletal Malocclusions. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-3):S229-S232.

To Analyze the Efficacy of Platelet-rich Plasma in Contrast to Platelet-rich Fibrin along with Synthetic Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite and ß-tricalcium Phosphate Bone Graft in Regeneration of Bony Defects in Children.

Aim: To analyze the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in contrast to platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) along with synthetic nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) and ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) bone graft in the regeneration of bone defects in children. Materials and methods: A total of 20 children in whom bone defect was present were selected and divided into two groups of 10. In group I, the bone defect was filled with PRP + nanocrystalline HA with ß-TCP and group II, with PRF + nanocrystalline HA with ß-TCP. Radiographs using VistaScan with a mesh grid were taken to analyze the bone density and bone regeneration. Clinical evaluation with respect to the color of overlying mucosa, sinus formation, pus discharge, and seepage of bone graft was done. The parameters used to analyze the radiographs included gray scale analysis, residual bone defect calculation in pixels both performed in CorelDraw version 13 software, and radiopaque scoring scale. Results: The mean bone defect density measured using gray scale was higher in the PRF than PRP group. The percentage of bone formation analyzed using residual bone defect calculation and mean radiopaque score revealed that the PRF group showed better outcomes compared to the PRP group. Conclusion: Both PRP and PRF are equally effective in promoting bone regeneration with PRF showing slight superiority over PRP. How to cite this article: Koksi Sangma Shadap NM, Yadav G, Saha S, et al. To Analyze the Efficacy of Platelet-rich Plasma in Contrast to Platelet-rich Fibrin along with Synthetic Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite and ß-tricalcium Phosphate Bone Graft in Regeneration of Bony Defects in Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(6):842-849.

Comparison of craniofacial morphology characteristics along with dental caries status and salivary properties of operated cleft lip and palate patients with noncleft patients.

Background: Cleft lip and palate patients undergo many primary reconstructive surgical procedures which could lead to various changes in the facial morphology with growth. The most common diagnosis is unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and such patients are more prone to dental caries. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the lateral cephalometric landmarks, dental caries status, and salivary properties of surgically repaired UCLP children aged 6-15 years with lateral cephalometric landmarks, dental caries status, and salivary properties of noncleft children of the same age group. Materials and Methods: Twelve noncleft patients and 12 surgically repaired UCLP patients were chosen, and cephalometric analysis, salivary analysis, and dental caries status were recorded for both the groups. The data were then compared for both the groups. Statistical Analysis: It was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: In surgical repair ULCP children, their was increased prevalance of dental caries along with decrease level of salivary calcium, Phosphorus,flow rate. Also, their was increased level of alkaline phosphatase, total protein level with acidic pH alongwith retruded maxillary complex with Class III malocclusion. Conclusion: Various primary reconstructive surgeries in UCLP children lead to maxillary retrusion with an increased prevalence of dental caries in these patients due to the maintenance of poor oral hygiene.

Remineralizing Potential of Low-fluoridated, Nonfluoridated and Herbal Nonfluoridated Dentifrices on Demineralized Surface of Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study.

Aim: The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the remineralizing potential of commercially available low-fluoridated, nonfluoridated, and herbal nonfluoridated child formula dentifrices on primary teeth. Materials and methods: Total of 36 primary teeth were placed in the demineralizing solution for 96 hours to produce artificial carious lesions of approximately 100 µm depth, and then cut longitudinally into 30 sections of 100-150 µm thickness and randomly assigned to three groups. Sections were treated with low-fluoridated, nonfluoridated, and herbal nonfluoridated dentifrice. Lesions were evaluated using polarized light microscopy. Results: Intragroup comparison of mean lesion depth from pretreatment to posttreatment among the three study groups revealed that maximum reduction in lesion depth was found to be in group I (low-fluoridated) followed in descending order by group III (herbal nonfluoridated) and group II (nonfluoridated), respectively. Conclusion: Group I (low-fluoridated) and group III (herbal nonfluoridated) demonstrated remineralization of carious lesions by virtue of a decrease in lesion depth, whereas group II (nonfluoridated) showed an increase in lesion depth. Clinical significance: Fluoride dentifrices are the most widely used products that deliver topical fluoride to the oral environment. The major drawback is the risk of dental fluorosis, which occurs because of ingestion of dentifrices, in preschool children. This necessitates use of preventive measures which include (1) reducing the amount of toothpaste used, (2) supervised brushing in preschool children and (3) developing low-fluoride toothpastes for minimizing risk of dental fluorosis. Further dental professionals must investigate effectiveness of increasingly popular "Herbal" products. How to cite this article: Tiwari S, Saha S, Dhinsa K, et al. Remineralizing Potential of Low-fluoridated, Nonfluoridated and Herbal Nonfluoridated Dentifrices on Demineralized Surface of Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(3):251-257.

Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Analysis of Deciduous Root Canals after Instrumentation with Different Filing Systems: An In Vitro Study.

Aim and objective: To evaluate root canal transportation, centering ability ratio (CAR), remaining dentine thickness, dentinal cracks, and instrumentation time after instrumentation with different filing systems in root canals of primary teeth by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis. Materials and methods: Sixty prepared canals of primary teeth divided into 4 groups with 15 canals in each were prepared with NiTi K files, Proaper Next (PTN) files, OneShape (OS), and WaveOne (WO) files, respectively. Using CBCT scan, the pre- and postinstrumentation scan was done to obtain images at three levels (apical, middle, and cervical). The results obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS 21 statistical software version. Result: Significant statistical difference was found between different filing systems. Conclusion: ProTaper Next files showed least canal transportation and the best centering ability was shown by OS file system. The NiTi K hand files preserved maximum remaining dentin thickness (RDT) and produced minimum dentin cracks. WO file system took least instrumentation time when compared to the other three filing systems. Clinical significance: The use of rotary instruments in the pulpectomy of primary teeth represents a promising technique being advantageous for the pediatric patients by maintaining the original canal curvatures, showing greater ability to maintain dentin thickness, causing lesser dentin cracks, and reducing chair time thus favoring preparation of more conical root canals and better obturation. How to cite this article: Singh P. Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Analysis of Deciduous Root Canals after Instrumentation with Different Filing Systems: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2022;15(S-1):S22-S29.

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, Its Relation with Dental Caries and Various Enamel Surface Defects in 8-16-year-old Schoolchildren of Lucknow District.

Introduction: The decreased rate in dental caries cases across the world has created an enthusiasm in many clinicians to relate and study different developmental disorders. In past years, defects that are commonly associated with dentistry are hypomineralized areas commonly seen in central incisors and first molars. Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a defect of the enamel, which is qualitative in nature and systemic in origin characterized by advanced and concurrent hypomineralization of the enamel affecting the first permanent molars together with frequent association of the incisors. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH), its possible risk factors and its association with dental caries and enamel surface defects (attrition and abrasion) in schoolchildren aged between 8 and 16 years in Lucknow district. Methodology: Indexed teeth (first permanent molars and incisors) of 5,585 schoolchildren, selected by stratified random sampling technique between the age-group of 8 and 16 years, were examined by a trained and calibrated examiner. The data was recorded in a predesigned pro forma by examiner, which consisted of mainly two parts. The first part comprised of general information, while the second part comprised of questions related to risk factors related to MIH (prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history). For the diagnosis of MIH, the Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) Index was used for diagnosis of MIH, while the decay-missing-filled teeth index (DMFT) criteria were used for assessing dental caries. Enamel surface defects were recorded using the Smith and Knight tooth wear index. Results: A prevalence of 7.6% was reported wherein females were found to be more affected by MIH. A strong significant correlation was found between MIH prevalence and childhood infection. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of MIH is necessary to prevent the rapid destruction of the tooth morphology resulting in complicated treatment. Further studies with greater samples are needed to investigate the different etiological factors and determine the biological molecular mechanism that they may cause. Clinical significance: The data obtained from the current study does not portray a clear consideration of the infants' medical history in the initial 4 years of life. Further studies may be performed to surpass these shortcomings by using more elaborate medical records of the child in addition to profound recollection of the parents. Due to paucity of literature on this issue in Lucknow District, our current study may provide some information at a baseline level for conducting an extensive research involving different regions pan-India. How to cite this article: Verma S, Dhinsa K, Tripathi AM, et al. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, Its Relation with Dental Caries and Various Enamel Surface Defects in 8-16-year-old Schoolchildren of Lucknow District. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(1):1-8.

Comparative Microleakage Evaluation through the Interfaces between the Tooth and Cement after Stainless Steel Crown Cementation in Primary Molars: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction: The longevity of stainless steel crowns is related to perfect adaptation and long-term union between restoration and teeth. In this respect, evaluation of marginal leakage of luting cement is essential. Aim and objective: To compare and evaluate the ability of new adhesive cement to prevent microleakage under stainless steel crowns on primary teeth. Materials and methods: Forty-five specimens were embedded, standardized preparations were made onto selected extracted primary molars, and stainless steel crowns were adapted. Samples were assigned randomly to cement groups: Glass ionomer (GI), resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI), and Adhesive resin (AR) cement, followed by storage in water, artificially aging, staining, sectioning, and the linear dye penetration and proportion of microleakage evaluation. Results: AR showed the lowest microleakage, followed in increasing order by RMGIC and GIC showed the greatest microleakage (p-value < 0.0001). Clinical Significance: There are many kinds of luting agents that vary considerably from the viewpoint of solubility, strength, and ability to adhere to the tooth structure. Lack of adhesion of the luting cement to the tooth structure is one of the reasons for microleakage related to different types of crowns. Cement breakdown may result in the entrance of fluids and microorganisms along with the tooth restoration interface. In this study, attempts were made to simulate standard clinical procedures, although this is not a substitute for the complex oral environment, the results provide useful information to choosing the best cement materials. Conclusion: Adhesive resin cement can be recommended for cementation of Stainless Steel Crowns because of added advantages over others. How to cite this article: Gundewar MS, Saha S, Arora D, et al. Comparative Microleakage Evaluation through the Interfaces between the Tooth and Cement after Stainless Steel Crown Cementation in Primary Molars: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(2):159-163.

Assessment of Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Patients Suffering from Systemic Diseases.

AIM: To assess the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among children suffering from congestive heart failure and bronchial asthma in Lucknow city. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Methodology: Patients aged 6-12 years were assessed using Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ). DMFT was assessed in same patients to measure their caries experience. RESULTS: Dental caries were observed in 62.6% of cardiac patients followed by 55.8% in bronchial asthma patients. CONCLUSION: Children with CHF had high dental caries experience as compared to asthmatic patients. Due to high caries exposure, they had a negative impact on OHRQoL as compared to others. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The relationship between oral and systemic health must be consistently reinforced to a patient and guardians of children with systemic disease that can enable to improve the quality of life of these compromised populations. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Dhinsa K, Saha S, Tripathi AM, et al. Assessment of Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Patients Suffering from Systemic Diseases. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(6):779-783.

Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Different Plant Extracts against Cariogenic Bacteria: An In Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: Dental caries is an oral disease which is infectious in nature associated with various pathogenic microorganisms and is prevalent across the world. AIM: To evaluate and compare the anticariogenic properties of the different plant extracts against various cariogenic microorganisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In phase I, the anticariogenic efficacy of four different herbal extracts, namely Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Terminalia chebula (Harad), Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice), was evaluated against two strains of bacteria viz. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. In the second phase of the study, the overall decay depth was compared. RESULTS: In phase I, zone of inhibition was significantly higher in G. glabra (Licorice) followed the descending order by O. sanctum (Tulsi), T. c hebula (Harad), and T. cordifolia (Guduchi), respectively. In the second phase, it was found that the decay depth was significantly higher in T. cordifolia (Guduchi) followed the descending order by T. chebula (Harad), O. sanctum (Tulsi), and G. glabra (Licorice), respectively. CONCLUSION: Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) extract had potent antibacterial efficacy against S. mutans and L. acidophilus. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Synthetic drugs have many adverse effects, so more attention has been paid to natural remedies because they are safe and effective. Today, the main interest is shifted toward the drugs which is derived from plants, which has led to the screening of many herbal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity and the same can be used clinically as an alternative of synthetic drugs used in dentistry. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Rai A, Tripathi AM, Saha S, et al. Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Different Plant Extracts against Cariogenic Bacteria: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(4):361-367.

An In-Vitro evaluation of resin infiltration system and conventional pit and fissure sealant on enamel properties in white spot lesions.

BACKGROUND: Clinically appearing early caries are referred to as white spot lesions (WSLs). These lesions compromise esthetics and precede cavitation; therefore, they must be halted by effective materials. AIM: To evaluate and compare the depth of penetration and effect of resin infiltration system (Icon) and other conventional pit and fissure sealants (Clinpro and Embrace) on enamel surface properties of WSLs. METHODOLOGY: Freshly extracted premolars were obtained. Enamel surfaces were treated with resin infiltrant and fissure sealant. Depth of penetration and surface roughness of specimens were measured with an optical profilometer. Microhardness was determined by a Vickers' hardness tester. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Normality of the data was checked by Shapiro-Wilk test. Inferential statistics were performed using one-way analysis of variance. Post hoc pairwise comparison was done using post hoc Tukey's test. RESULTS: Icon resin infiltrant showed the highest depth of penetration and microhardness followed in descending order by Embrace and Clinpro whereas Clinpro was found to cause maximum surface roughness followed in descending order by Embrace and Icon. CONCLUSION: The resin infiltration technique for treating WSLs seems adjusted to the philosophy of minimally invasive dentistry in a single appointment, making it beneficial for the patients, especially children.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Extracts Added to Root Canal Sealers of Different Bases: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of root canal sealers of different bases when mixed with herbal extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An evaluation of three sealers (Endomethasone, AH plus, Apexit plus) mixed with three herbal extracts [Emblica officinalis (Amla), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] was done against nine strains of bacteria at various time intervals using the agar diffusion test. Moreover, measurement of the mean zones of inhibition was done. RESULTS: The largest zones of bacterial growth inhibition were observed with Endomethasone mixed with Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) followed in the descending order by AH plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) and Apexit plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) respectively. The differences between zones of inhibition among different groups were found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Zinc-oxide-eugenol-based sealer (Endomethasone) mixed with herbal extracts produced the largest inhibitory zones followed in the descending order by resin-based sealer (AH plus) and calcium-hydroxide-based sealer (Apexit plus), respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Herbal plants such as [Emblica officinalis (Amla), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] are rich sources of bioactive compounds that possess antimicrobial properties. Mixing their extracts with endodontic sealers can produce additive antimicrobial effect against microbes found in inflamed pulp. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Devi MT, Saha S, Tripathi AM, et al. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Extracts Added to Root Canal Sealers of Different Bases: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(5):398-404.

A comparative evaluation of dental caries status and salivary properties of children aged 5-14 years undergoing treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, type I diabetes mellitus, and asthma - In vivo.

BACKGROUND: The subjective sensation of dry mouth, xerostomia, is a well-recognized problem in adults, however, relatively little attention has been paid to this issue in children. Xerostomia commonly occurs as an adverse effect of drugs in asthma and leukemia, which alter the composition and flow of saliva and systemic diseases, including diabetes. It decreases the oral pH and significantly increases the development of plaque and dental caries. AIM: This study aims to evaluate and compare the dental caries status and salivary properties of children aged 5-14 years undergoing treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and asthma - in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was divided into two parts: Part I: Oral examination was performed and dental caries status Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth/ decayed, extraction, filled teeth (DMFT/deft) was noted and Part II: Salivary analysis was performed by GC Saliva-Check BUFFER kit to check for hydration, viscosity, pH of saliva, salivary flow, and buffering capacity. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: All statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 21 statistical software version. Inferential statistics were performed using Chi-square test and ANOVA. Post hoc pairwise comparison was done using Post hoc Tukey's test. RESULTS: The prevalence of mean DMFT/deft with regard to salivary properties was highest in leukemic patients followed in descending order by diabetic and asthmatic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Leukemic patients had significantly higher caries and decreased salivary properties while asthmatic patients showed the least caries prevalence and best salivary properties.

Effect of Saliva on the Tensile Bond Strength of Different Generation Adhesive Systems: An In-Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: Newer development of bonding agents have gained a better understanding of factors affecting adhesion of interface between composite and dentin surface to improve longevity of restorations. OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the influence of salivary contamination on the tensile bond strength of different generation adhesive systems (two-step etch-and-rinse, two-step self-etch and one-step self-etch) during different bonding stages to dentin where isolation is not maintained. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Superficial dentin surfaces of 90 extracted human molars were randomly divided into three study Groups (Group A: Two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system; Group B: Two-step self-etch adhesive system and Group C: One-step self-etch adhesive system) according to the different generation of adhesives used. According to treatment conditions in different bonding steps, each Group was further divided into three Subgroups containing ten teeth in each. After adhesive application, resin composite blocks were built on dentin and light cured subsequently. The teeth were then stored in water for 24 hours before sending for testing of tensile bond strength by Universal Testing Machine. The collected data were then statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. RESULTS: One-step self-etch adhesive system revealed maximum mean tensile bond strength followed in descending order by Two-step self-etch adhesive system and Two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system both in uncontaminated and saliva contaminated conditions respectively. CONCLUSION: Unlike One-step self-etch adhesive system, saliva contamination could reduce tensile bond strength of the two-step self-etch and two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Furthermore, the step of bonding procedures and the type of adhesive seems to be effective on the bond strength of adhesives contaminated with saliva.