Alginate encapsulated BDNF-producing fibroblast grafts permit recovery of function after spinal cord injury in the absence of immune suppression.

Encapsulation of cells has the potential to provide a protective barrier against host immune cell interactions after grafting. Previously we have shown that alginate encapsulated BDNF-producing fibroblasts (Fb/BDNF) survived for one month in culture, made bioactive neurotrophins, survived transplantation into the injured spinal cord in the absence of immune suppression, and provided a permissive environment for host axon growth. We extend these studies by examining the effects of grafting encapsulated Fb/BDNF into a subtotal cervical hemisection on recovery of forelimb and hindlimb function and axonal growth in the absence of immune suppression. Grafting of encapsulated Fb/BDNF resulted in partial recovery of forelimb usage in a test of vertical exploration and of hindlimb function while crossing a horizontal rope. Recovery was significantly greater compared to animals that received unencapsulated Fb/BDNF without immune suppression, but similar to that of immune suppressed animals receiving unencapsulated Fb/BDNF. Immunocytochemical examination revealed neurofilament (RT-97), 5-HT, CGRP and GAP-43 containing axons surrounding encapsulated Fb/BDNF within the injury site, indicating axonal growth. BDA labeling however showed no evidence of regeneration of rubrospinal axons in recipients of encapsulated Fb/BDNF, presumably because the amounts of BDNF available from the encapsulated grafts are substantially less than those provided by the much larger numbers of Fb/BDNF grafted in a gelfoam matrix in the presence of immune suppression. These results suggest that plasticity elicited by the BDNF released from the encapsulated cells contributed to reorganization that led to behavioral recovery in these animals and that the behavioral recovery could proceed in the absence of rubrospinal tract regeneration. Alginate encapsulation is therefore a feasible strategy for delivery of therapeutic products produced by non-autologous engineered fibroblasts and provides an environment suitable for recovery of lost function in the injured spinal cord.

Peptide-modified alginate surfaces as a growth permissive substrate for neurite outgrowth.

Different strategies are being investigated for treatment of spinal cord injuries, one of the most promising being application of neurotrophic factors, which have been shown to prevent neuronal death and stimulate regeneration of injured axons. Ex vivo gene therapy has emerged as the leading delivery method at the site of the injury, and we have shown previously that encapsulating genetically engineered fibroblasts in an immunoprotective alginate capsule can permit implantation of the factor-secreting cells without need for immunosuppression. This strategy could be greatly enhanced by providing the sprouting neurons with a permissive substrate upon which to attach and grow. We report here studies on the modification of an alginate gel surface by either coating it with laminin or by covalent attachment of YIGSR peptide. Using NB2a neuroblastoma cells, we found that native alginate elicited minimal cell attachment ( approximately 1.5%); however, YIGSR-alginate conjugate elicited a fivefold increase in numbers of cells attached using peptide ratios of 0.5 and 1 mg/g alginate, ranging from 9.5% of the cells at the lower ratio, to about 44% at the higher. Only a further 19% increase was obtained at an increased peptide density of 2 mg/g alginate ( approximately 63% over control). Laminin-coated gels showed approximately 60% cell attachment. However, laminin coating did not stimulate differentiation and neurite growth, whereas both numbers and lengths of outgrowths increased with increasing peptide density on peptide-modified alginate. We demonstrate here the ability of the peptide-modified alginate gels to allow adhesion of NB2a neuroblastoma cells and to promote neurite outgrowth from these cells when attached to the peptide-modified alginate surface. Also, we show that the adhesion of NB2a neuroblastoma cells and neurite outgrowth from the attached cells is a function of the peptide density on the gel surface.

Microencapsulated liposomes in controlled drug delivery: strategies to modulate drug release and eliminate the burst effect.

The release of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) from alginate-microencapsulated liposomes was studied to evaluate the properties of this system for controlled drug delivery. Liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol (Chol) (molar ratio 7:3) and of PC, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cholesterol (6:1:3) were encapsulated in alginate (Alg) crosslinked with Ca(2+) (Ca-Alg), Al(3+) (Al-Alg), and Ba(2+) (Ba-Alg). Capsules were coated with poly(l-ornithine) followed by a final alginate coat. A rapid initial burst of protein release was observed from liposomes encapsulated in Ca-Alg and Al-Alg. No burst was observed when liposomes were encapsulated in Ba-Alg, indicating that the crosslinking ions could significantly affect the release of entrapped protein. Also, the release from encapsulated liposomes varied significantly with liposome composition, especially with Ca-Alg as observed with encapsulation of PC, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), and DOPC/Chol liposomes. Cholesterol increased the leakiness of the liposomes after encapsulation. In all cases, the release from microencapsulated liposomes was much faster than that from free liposomes suggesting an interaction between the liposomes and the alginate. Differential scanning calorimetry supports the hypothesis that alginate was inserted into the lipid bilayer resulting in a rapid release of protein from microencapsulated liposomes. Moreover, it was observed that the degree of interaction between liposomes and alginate varied with liposome composition.