Health-Related Quality of Life and Daily Physical Activity Level in Patients with COPD- a Cluster Analysis.

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may have a limited level of physical activity in daily life (PADL) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The interrelationships of these variables should be measure by cluster analysis to characterize this population and enable rehabilitation programs to target each patient profile identified. This study investigates different phenotypes in COPD according to PADL and HRQOL. A cross-sectional study with cluster analysis was done, in which 76 people with COPD were submitted to measurements to characterize the sample on first day, followed by used of physical activity monitor, which was worn for 7 days. After 7 days, the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and HRQOL questionnaires were applied (St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire). The main results: three phenotypes were identified (A, B and C), with phenotype A who exhibited an inactive physical activity level and HRQOL scores above the value deemed satisfactory, phenotype B those with active physical activity level and poor HRQOL scores, and phenotype C subjects with inactive physical activity level and HRQOL scores but the value is close to cutoff point. To conclude, three phenotypes were found, with one indicating disproportionality between PADL and HRQOL.

Individualized, low-cost and accessible pulmonary rehabilitation program based on functional clinical tests for individuals with COPD-a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) present pulmonary and extrapulmonary impairments. The strategies used to mitigate these impairments are pulmonary rehabilitation programs (PRP). However, there is limited access to PRP in specialized centers and the study of low-cost home rehabilitation programs had non-individualized prescription, which might have led to insignificant positive effects. So, it is important to develop new low-cost protocols that involve individualized prescription, as well as physiotherapist supervision. This study describes an accessible, low-cost, and individualized pulmonary rehabilitation protocol and compare its results when performed with or without a weekly physiotherapist-supervised session on patients with COPD. METHODS: This is a descriptive protocol of a clinical trial, randomized, single-blinded, and type of framework is superiority conducted at the Spirometry and Respiratory Physical Therapy Laboratory of the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar). The trial is registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBec) URL: http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-533hht/ with Register Number UTN code U1111-1220-8245. The sample size is 50 patients and is calculated using the results of a pilot study. DISCUSSION-POTENTIAL IMPACT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: It is expected that the low-cost and new supervised rehabilitation program complemented with home exercises will present positive results, especially on exercise capacity, which will make available a more accessible and effective PRP for patients with COPD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov U1111-1220-8245 . Registered on September 20, 2018.

Reliability of Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Strength Assessment Using a Portable Dynamometer and Protocol Tolerance in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the intrarater and interrater reliability of isometric quadriceps strength (IQS) using a portable dynamometer in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to verify their tolerance to the protocol. METHODS: A cross-sectional reliability study was conducted with 50 individuals with stable COPD (34 men and 16 women; mean age = 70 years [SD = 8]). The main outcome measure was obtained using a portable dynamometer (Microfet 2) to assess IQS. Two masked raters performed 2 assessments in the dominant lower limb on 2 nonconsecutive days. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to verify the intrarater and interrater reliability and was considered excellent when >0.90, with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Rater 1 and 2 intrarater reliability was as follows: ICC = 0.96 (95% CI = 0.94 to 0.98) and ICC = 0.97 (95% CI = 0.95 to 0.98), respectively. The interrater reliability was as follows: ICC = 0.96 (95% CI = 0.93 to 0.98). The minimum detectable difference was 4 to 5 peak isometric strength, in mean, for intrarater and interrater reliability. Not all patients presented relevant changes in physiological responses, dyspnea, and lower limb fatigue. CONCLUSION: There was an excellent intrarater and interrater reliability for IQS, and the participants tolerated the protocol. IMPACT: This tool can be used to assess quadriceps strength in clinical practice in patients with COPD.

Association of exercise capacity and endothelial function in patients with severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Severe acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are associated with significant poor outcomes including an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events and exercise intolerance. Endothelial dysfunction might contribute to an impaired vascular homeostasis and consequently to CV events and exercise capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the association between exercise capacity and endothelial function in patients with severe AECOPD. Forty-five COPD patients diagnosed with severe AECOPD and admitted to the University Hospital of São Carlos from 2017 to 2019 were enrolled in this observational clinical study. Endothelial Function was assessed by brachial artery ultrasonography (M-Turbo, Sonosite, Bottle, WA, USA) and Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD) technique in absolute (mm) and percentage values (%). Walking distance (6MWD) obtained by six-minute walk test was considered to characterize the exercise capacity. Pearson's correlation analysis and linear regression model were applied and a significance level of 5%. There was a significant positive correlation between exercise capacity and endothelial function. Pearson correlation coefficient were 0.36 (p = 0.02) and 0.40 (p = 0.01) between 6MWD and FMD in mm and %, respectively. Linear regression model revealed 6MWD (p = 0.007), accounting for 15% of FMD (%) variance (R2 adjusted). FMD (%) = 2.11 + (0.0081*6MWD). Exercise capacity is associated with endothelial function in patients with severe AECOPD. FMD was found to be increasing with increasing walked distance. Further research is needed to provide evidence of effectiveness of rehabilitation on exercise capacity and endothelial function in these patients and its prognostic value.

Exercise-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Review of Components, Prescription, Efficacy, and Safety.

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders (such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, asbestosis, and pneumonitis) characterized by lung parenchymal impairment, inflammation, and fibrosis. The shortness of breath (i.e., dyspnea) is a hallmark and disabling symptom of ILDs. Patients with ILDs may also exhibit skeletal muscle dysfunction, oxygen desaturation, abnormal respiratory patterns, pulmonary hypertension, and decreased cardiac function, contributing to exercise intolerance and limitation of day-to-day activities. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) including physical exercise is an evidence-based approach to benefit functional capacity, dyspnea, and quality of life in ILD patients. However, despite recent advances and similarities with other lung diseases, the field of PR for patients with ILD requires further evidence. This mini-review aims to explore the exercise-based PR delivered around the world and evidence supporting prescription modes, considering type, intensity, and frequency components, as well as efficacy and safety of exercise training in ILDs. This review will be able to strengthen the rationale for exercise training recommendations as a core component of the PR for ILD patients.

Noninvasive Ventilation as an Important Adjunct to an Exercise Training Program in Subjects With Moderate to Severe COPD.

BACKGROUND: The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether noninvasive ventilation (NIV) can positively affect exercise capacity, maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2 ), and symptoms after a 6-week physical training program for subjects with moderate to very severe COPD. METHODS: 47 subjects with COPD who were enrolled in a physical training program were randomized to either physical training alone or NIV + physical training (NIV-Physical training). Physical training consisted of dynamic aerobic exercises on a treadmill 3 times/week for 6 weeks, for a total of 18 sessions. NIV was titrated according to the subject's tolerance at rest and during exercise. Assessments included physiological responses and symptoms at the incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test peak and during submaximal exercise on a treadmill, 6-min walk distance, maximum inspiratory (PImax) and expiratory pressure (PEmax), BODE index, and health-related quality of life. RESULTS: 43 subjects completed the 6-week physical training program. Both groups improved 6-min walk distance, PImax, BODE index, and quality of life, and no differences were found between groups. However, significant improvements were observed for subjects in the NIV-Physical training group with regard to PEmax, maximum V̇O2 , maximum metabolic equivalents, circulatory power, and maximum SpO2 . CONCLUSIONS: A 6-week physical training program alone can improve tolerance for exercise and quality of life, in addition to reducing the risk of mortality. However, NIV associated with a physical training program was shown to have an additive beneficial effect on powerful prognostic markers (maximum V̇O2 and circulatory power) and to reduce symptoms and improve oxygen saturation in subjects with moderate to very severe COPD.

Should the 6-Minute Walk Test Be Compared When Conducted by 2 Different Assessors in Subjects With COPD?

BACKGROUND: The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is an important tool in the assessment of functional capacity and prognosis in patients with COPD. However, especially in long-term follow-up in clinical settings, this test may be executed by a different assessor, and it is not well known whether 6MWT has an acceptable inter-rater reliability. The aim of this study is to analyze the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the performance in 6MWT, its cardiorespiratory changes, and effort perception in subjects with COPD. METHODS: Thirty-two subjects with a diagnosis of COPD participated in the study, but 3 subjects did not appear on the second day of evaluation and therefore were included only in the intra-rater analysis; the first and second tests were executed by the same assessor with a 30-min interval between them, and the last was executed by a different assessor a week later. The intra-rater reliability was verified comparing the first and second 6MWT performance, and the inter-rater reliability was verified comparing the third test with the best performance of the first and second tests. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient values were >0.75 (P < .001) for the walked distance on the 6MWT; however, the limits of agreement, SE of measurement, and minimal detectable difference were higher than the minimum clinically important differences already mentioned in the literature (∼25, 26, and 54 m), and the coefficient of variation was small in both intra- and inter-rater comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: The 6MWT showed excellent reliability for distance and perceived exertion and moderate to excellent for HR and SD as assessed by intra- and inter-rater analysis. Thus, based on the main study outcomes, we concluded that the 6MWT can be compared when conducted by 2 different evaluators.

Exacerbation and functional capacity of patients with COPD undergoing an exercise training program: longitudinal study / Exacerbação e capacidade funcional de pacientes com DPOC submetidos ao treinamento físico: estudo longitudinal

Objective To analyze if there is influence of body weight, body mass index (BMI), body composition, dyspnoea, grip strength and tolerance to exertion in the occurrence of exacerbation during a 12-month follow up of patients with COPD who underwent a physical training program. Material and methods Sixty three patients were distributed in two groups, (Exacerbation Group — EG, n = 29; Non-Exacerbated Group — NEG, n = 34). The Mann Whitney test was used for the comparison between groups, the Friedman test (posthoc Dunn) to compare the assessments and the logistic regression analysis, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results There is a significant difference between the groups in age and walked distance (WD) in the sixminute walk test (6MWT). The WD was reduced in 6th, 9th and 12th month revaluation compared to baseline and 3 months for the EG. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant interaction between the lean body mass and the WD, BMI with the lean body mass and the BMI with the WD, this and the isolated dyspnoea, and lean body mass with body weight. Conclusion Involving several variables along the follow up of patients with COPD in physical therapy programs is important, since it may prevent or reduce the chance of the occurrence of exacerbations. In addition, older patients with less tolerance to physical activity had a higher number of episodes of exacerbation, even when participating in a physiotherapy program associated to exercise training. .

Objetivos Analisar se há influência do peso corporal, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), composição corporal, dispneia, força de preensão palmar (FPP) e tolerância ao esforço na ocorrência de exacerbação ao longo de 12 meses de acompanhamento de pacientes com DPOC submetidos a um programa de treinamento físico que desenvolveram ou não a exacerbação. Métodos Sessenta e três pacientes foram distribuídos em dois grupos (Grupo Exacerbação — GE, n = 29; Grupo Não Exacerbação — GNE, n= 34). O teste Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para a comparação entre os grupos, teste de Friedman (post-hoc e Dunn) para comparação das avaliações e a análise de regressão logística, com nível de significância p < 0,05. Resultados Há diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à idade e distância percorrida (DP) no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6). A DP apresentou-se reduzida no 6º, no 9º e no 12º mês de reavaliação comparados a avaliação e ao 3º mês para o GE. Na análise de regressão logística observou-se interação significativa entre a MM e a DP, IMC com a MM, bem como do IMC com a DP, desta e da dispneia isoladas e da MM com o peso corporal. Conclusão Conclui-se a importância de envolver diversas variáveis ao longo do acompanhamento de pacientes com DPOC em programas fisioterapêuticos na tentativa de prevenir a ocorrência de exacerbações ou reduzir sua chance de ocorrência. Além disso, pacientes mais idosos e com menor tolerância à atividade física tiveram maior número de episódios de exacerbação, mesmos estando inseridos em um programa fisioterapêutico de treinamento físico. .

Efeitos do treinamento com espirômetros de incentivo a fluxo e a volume em indivíduos saudáveis / Effects of training using volume and flow-oriented incentive spirometry in healthy subjects

São escassos os relatos encontrados na literatura que fazem comparações entre diferentes espirômetros de incentivo (EI) e há diferenças nos métodos adotados. Assim, os objetivos do estudo foram comparar o efeito dos EI a fluxo Cliniflo® com fluxo pré-determinado e a volume Voldyne® na função pulmonar, mobilidade tóraco-abdominal e força muscular respiratória, assim como analisar as características dos protocolos de treinamento baseado na sobrecarga gerada por cada um desses EI em indivíduos saudáveis sedentários. Foram avaliados 20 indivíduos saudáveis sedentários de 18 a 30 anos, de ambos os sexos, distribuídos randomicamente entre dois grupos: grupo Cliniflo® (GC) e grupo Voldyne® (GV) e reavaliados após cinco semanas, por meio da espirometria, manovacuometria e cirtometria dinâmica, e foi calculado o índice de amplitude tóraco-abdominal (IA). Os indivíduos realizaram duas sessões semanais de treinamento muscular respiratório (TMR) durante cinco semanas, totalizando 10 sessões. Na análise intragrupos, no GC verificou-se aumento estatisticamente significativo da capacidade vital e do pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE), e no GV observou-se aumento significativo dos valores de capacidade vital forçada, do PFE e da ventilação voluntária máxima, obtidos pela espirometria. Quanto às pressões inspiratória e expiratória máximas e os IA axilar, xifoidiano e abdominal não foram observadas diferenças significativas em nenhum dos grupos. Quanto à análise intergrupos, também não foi observada diferença significativa entre eles. Conclui-se que o treinamento com EI a fluxo Cliniflo® e a volume Voldyne® proporcionaram melhora das capacidades pulmonares, pico de fluxo e, somente no a volume, na endurance muscular respiratória na amostra estudada. E quanto as características do treinamento, ambos geraram baixa sobrecarga e dessa forma, não caracterizaram-se como treinamentos de força muscular respiratória.(AU)

There are few reports in the literature to make comparisons between differente respiratory spirometer and there are differences in the adopted methods. The objectives of the study were to compare the effect of flow-oriented spirometer Cliniflo® with pre-determined flow and volume-oriented spirometer Voldyne® on the pulmonary function, thoracoabdominal mobility and muscle strength volume, as well as analyze the characteristics of training protocols based the overhead generated by each EI in sedentary healthy individuals. Twenty healthy sedentary individuals were assessed, aged from 18 to 30 years, of both sex, randomly assigned in two groups: Cliniflo® group (CG) and Voldyne® group (VG) and revalued after five weeks, by spirometry, manometer and cirtometry dynamics and was calculated the amplitude thoracoabdominal index (TAI). Subjects performed two weekly sessions of respiratory muscle training (RMT) for five weeks, totaling 10 sessions. . In the intragroup analysis, the CG was found statistically significant increase of vital capacity and peak expiratory flow (PEF), and VG showed a significant increase in the values of forced vital capacity, PEF, and maximal voluntary ventilation, obtained by spirometry. As for the maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures and TAI axillary, xiphoid and abdominal found no significant differences in either group. As for inter-group analysis, was not significantly different between them. In conclusion, training with the flow-oriented spirometer Cliniflo® and volume-oriented spirometer Voldyne® provided improves lung capacity, peak flow, and only on the volume in respiratory muscle endurance in the study sample. And the training characteristics, generated both low overhead and thus not characterized as respiratory muscle strength training.(AU)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Assessment Test na avaliação de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica em reabilitação pulmonar: há relação com nível de dispneia nas atividades de vida diária e com índice preditor de mortalidade? Estudo transversal / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Assessment Test in assessing of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: there is a relationship with activities of daily living and mortality predictor index? A cross-sectional study / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Assessment Test en la evaluación de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en rehabilitación pulmonar: ¿Hay relación con el nivel de disnea en las actividades de la vida diaria y con el índice predictor de mortalidad? Estudio transversal

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar se há relação entre o impacto da Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) no estado de saúde com o nível de dispneia nas atividades de vida diária (AVD) e o índice preditor de mortalidade em pacientes em reabilitação pulmonar (RP). Trata-se de um estudo transversal, em que foram avaliados 32 pacientes com DPOC moderada a muito grave (23 homens; 66,6±12,0 anos; VEF1: 40,6±15,6% previsto) por meio do COPD Assessment Test (CAT), Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC), Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos (TC6), London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale (LCADL), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) e Índice BODE (Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise capacity). Observaram-se correlações positivas moderadas do CAT com o questionário mMRC (r=0,35; p=0,048), a pontuação total da LCADL (r=0,60; p<0,001) e com a porcentagem da pontuação total da LCADL (r=0,57; p=0,001). Apenas a pontuação total da LCADL é capaz de predizer independentemente a pontuação do questionário CAT (p<0,05; r²=0,61). Não foram constatadas correlações significativas entre o CAT e o Índice BODE, IMC, TC6 e VEF1. Dessa forma, quanto maior o nível de dispneia nas AVD, maior o impacto da DPOC no estado de saúde do paciente, entretanto, o mesmo não ocorre em relação ao prognóstico de mortalidade nos pacientes com DPOC em RP...

The aim of this study was to investigate if there is a relationship between the impact of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) on health status and the level of dyspnea in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and the mortality predictor index in patients undergoing Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR). It is a cross-sectional study in which 32 patients with moderate to very severe COPD (23 men; 66.6±12.0 years; FEV1: 40.6±15.6% predicted) were assessed by: COPD Assessment Test (CAT), Body Mass Index (BMI), six-Minute Walking Test (6MWT), London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale (LCADL), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) and BODE Index (Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise capacity). The CAT score presented moderate correlation with the mMRC questionnaire (r=0.35; p=0.048), total score of LCADL (r=0.60; p<0.001) and total score LCADL percentage (r=0.57; p=0.001). Only the total score of LCADL is able to predict the CAT questionnaire scores (p<0.05; r²=0.61). There were no significant correlations between CAT and BODE index, BMI, FEV1 and 6MWT. Thus, the higher the level of dyspnea in ADL, the greater the impact of COPD on the patient's health status. However, this is not true in relation to mortality prognosis in patients with COPD in PR...

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar si hay relación entre el impacto de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) en el estado de salud con el nivel de disnea en las actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) y el índice predictor de mortalidad en pacientes en rehabilitación pulmonar (RP). Se trata de un estudio transversal, en el que fueron evaluados 32 pacientes con EPOC moderada a muy grave (23 hombres; 66,6±12,0 años; VEF1: 40,6±15,6% previsto) por medio del COPD Assessment Test (CAT), Índice de Masa Corpórea (IMC), Test de Caminata de Seis Minutos (TC6), London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale (LCADL), mo dified Medical Research Council (mMRC) e Índice BODE (Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise capacity). Se observaron correlaciones positivas moderadas del CAT con el cuestionario mMRC (r=0,35; p=0,048), la puntuación total de la LCADL (r=0,60; p<0,001) y con el porcentaje de la puntuación total de la LCADL (r=0,57; p=0,001). Apenas la puntuación total de la LCADL es capaz de predecir independientemente la puntuación del cuestionario CAT (p<0,05; r²=0,61). No fueron constatadas correlaciones significativas entre el CAT y el Índice BODE, IMC, TC6 e VEF1. De esa forma, cuanto mayor es el nivel de disnea en las AVD, mayor es el impacto de la EPOC en el estado de salud del paciente, entre tanto, lo mismo no ocurre en relación al pronóstico de mortalidad en los pacientes con EPOC en RP...

Aplicabilidade das equações de referência para o teste de caminhada de seis minutos em adultos e idosos saudáveis de um município do estado de São Paulo / Applicability of reference equations for the six-minute walk test in health elderly adults in a municipality of Sao Paulo / Aplicabilidad de las ecuaciones de referencia para el test de marcha seis minutos en adultos y adultos mayores saludables de un municipio del estado de São Paulo

O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) tem sido considerado simples, seguro, de fácil administração, além de fornecer resultados representativos sobre atividades habituais do dia a dia. Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar e comparar a distância percorrida no TC6 com as distâncias previstas por equações disponíveis na literatura científica em adultos e idosos saudáveis do município de São Carlos (SP), e verificar a aplicabilidade dessas equações nessa população. Foram avaliados 43 indivíduos (23 homens), dos 55 aos 78 anos, por meio da avaliação física, espirometria e do TC6. Observamos que a distância percorrida no TC6 foi significativamente (teste t-pareado: p<0,05) maior que os valores previstos pelas equações de Enright e Sherril, Masmoudi et al., Alameri, Al-Majed e Al-Howaikan e Dourado, Vidotto e Guerra, e os mesmos foram significativamente menores que os previstos por Troosters, Gosselink e Decramer, Gibbons et al., Enright et al., Camarri et al., Ben Saad et al. e Soares e Pereira. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre a distância percorrida no TC6 e os valores previstos pelas equações de Chetta et al. e Iwama et al. A maioria das equações de referências utilizadas no presente estudo subestima ou superestima os valores obtidos no TC6, exceto as propostas por Chetta et al. e Iwama et al. que se mostraram aceitáveis para a população estudada. Existe diferença entre as distâncias, mesmo quando o TC6 é realizado com uma metodologia semelhante e rigorosa padronização, assim salienta-se a necessidade de equações específicas para cada população...

The six-minute walk test (6MWT) has been considered simple, safe, easy administration, and provide representative results about normal activities of day-to-day. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the 6-min walk distance (6MWD) with predicted distance by reference equations available in the scientific literature in healthy elderly adults, and to verify the applicability of these reference equations in this population. Forty-three elderly adults apparently healthy (23 males) between 55 to 78 years old were assessed by means of general physical assessment, the spirometry and 6MWT. The 6MWT was performed twice, with 30-min interval between them. The 6MWD was significantly (paired t-test: p<0.05) higher than those predicted by the equations of Enright and Sherrill, Masmoudi et al., Alameri, Al-Majed and Al-Howaikan and Dourado, Vidotto and Guerra, and they were significantly lower than those provided by Troosters, Gosselink and Decramer, Gibbons et al., Enright et al., Camarri et al., Ben Saad et al. and Soares and Pereira. No significant differences were observed between the 6MWD and the predicted values by the equations of Chetta et al. and Iwama et al. Most reference equations used underestimates or overestimates the 6MWD, except of the Chetta et al., and Iwama et al. that showed acceptable to this population. There difference between the distances, even when the 6MWT is realized with similar methodology and rigorous standardization, thus emphasizes the need for specific equations for each population...

El test de marcha de seis minutos (TM6) es considerado simple, seguro y de fácil administración, además de entregar resultados representativos sobre actividades habituales del día a día. Los objetivos del estudio fueron evaluar y comparar la distancia recorrida en el TM6 con las distancias previstas por ecuaciones disponibles en la literatura científica en adultos y adultos mayores saludables del municipio de Sao Carlos/SP, y verificar la aplicabilidad de esas ecuaciones en esta población. Fueron evaluados 43 individuos (23 hombres), entre los 55 a los 78 años, por medio de evaluación física, espirometría y del TM6. Observamos que la distancia recorrida en el TM6 fue significativamente (test t-pareado: p<0,05) mayor que los valores previstos por las ecuaciones de Enright y Sherril, Masmoudi et al., Alameri, Al-Majed y Al-Howaikan y Dourado, Vidotto y Guerra, y los mismos fueron significativamente menores que los previstos por Troosters, Gosselink y Decramer, Gibbons et al., Enright et al., Camarri et al., Ben Saad et al. y Soares y Pereira. No fueron observadas diferencias significativas entre la distancia recorrida en el TM6 y los valores previstos por las ecuaciones de Chetta et al., y Iwama et al. La mayoría de las ecuaciones de referencias utilizadas en el presente estudio subestima o superestima los valores obtenidos en el TM6, excepto las propuestas por Chetta et al. y Iwama et al. que se observaron aceptables para la población estudiada. Existe diferencia entre las distancias, incluso cuando el TM6 es realizado con una similar metodología y estandarización rigurosa, además se hace hincapié en la necesidad de ecuaciones específicas para cada población...

Relationship between exercise capacity and quality of life in adolescents with asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the quality of life of adolescents with asthma correlates with parameters obtained prior to and after the six-minute step test (6MST); spirometric results after the 6MST; and level of physical activity. METHODS: Nineteen adolescents with asthma, ranging from 11-15 years of age, were assessed with spirometry, 6MST, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ), and the 10-point Borg category-ratio (CR10) scale. RESULTS: Sensation of dyspnea correlated negatively with the total PAQLQ score (r = -0.54) and with the scores of its activity limitation (AL) and symptoms domains (r = -0.64 and r = -0.63, respectively), leg fatigue also correlating negatively with those same domains (r = -0.49 and r = -0.56, respectively). The total IPAQ score correlated with total PAQLQ score (r = 0.47) and with the PAQLQ AL domain (r = 0.51); IPAQ time spent walking correlated with the PAQLQ symptoms domain (r = 0.45); and IPAQ time spent in vigorous activity correlated with the AL domain (r = 0.50). In the regression analysis, only sensation of dyspnea remained significantly correlated with the total PAQLQ score and its AL domain; leg fatigue remained significantly correlated with the symptoms domain. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of physical activity indicate better quality of life, as do lower perception of dyspnea and less leg fatigue. The 6MST proved to be a viable option for evaluating exercise capacity in adolescents with asthma, because it reflects the discomfort that asthma causes during activities of daily living.

Relação da capacidade de exercício com a qualidade de vida de adolescentes asmáticos / Relationship between exercise capacity and quality of life in adolescents with asthma

OBJETIVO: Determinar se parâmetros obtidos antes e depois da realização do teste do degrau de seis minutos (TD6), respostas espirométricas após o TD6 e o nível de atividade física se correlacionam com a qualidade de vida de adolescentes asmáticos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 19 adolescentes asmáticos, com idades variando de 11-15 anos, por meio de espirometria, TD6, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física), Questionário sobre a Qualidade de Vida na Asma Pediátrica (QQVAP) e escala CR10 de Borg. RESULTADOS: Houve correlações negativas entre sensação de dispneia e pontuação total do QQVAP (r = -0,54) e de seus domínios limitação nas atividades (LA) e sintomas (r = -0,64 e r = -0,63, respectivamente), assim como entre fadiga nos membros inferiores (MMII) e os mesmos domínios (r = -0,49 e r = -0,56, respectivamente). O escore total do IPAQ correlacionou-se com a pontuação total do QQVAP (r = 0,47) e o domínio LA (r = 0,51), enquanto o tempo de caminhada correlacionou-se com o domínio sintomas (r = 0,45), e o tempo de atividade intensa correlacionou-se com o domínio LA (r = 0,50). Na análise de regressão, somente a sensação de dispneia associou-se significativamente ao escore total e o domínio limitação nas atividades do QQVAP, e o mesmo ocorreu entre a fadiga dos MMII e o domínio sintomas. CONCLUSÕES: Quanto maior for o nível de atividade física e menor for a dispneia e a fadiga nos MMII, melhor é a qualidade de vida. O TD6 mostrou-se uma opção na avaliação da capacidade ao exercício desses indivíduos por refletir o incômodo que a asma provoca na prática das atividades da vida diária.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the quality of life of adolescents with asthma correlates with parameters obtained prior to and after the six-minute step test (6MST); spirometric results after the 6MST; and level of physical activity. METHODS: Nineteen adolescents with asthma, ranging from 11-15 years of age, were assessed with spirometry, 6MST, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ), and the 10-point Borg category-ratio (CR10) scale. RESULTS: Sensation of dyspnea correlated negatively with the total PAQLQ score (r = -0.54) and with the scores of its activity limitation (AL) and symptoms domains (r = -0.64 and r = -0.63, respectively), leg fatigue also correlating negatively with those same domains (r = -0.49 and r = -0.56, respectively). The total IPAQ score correlated with total PAQLQ score (r = 0.47) and with the PAQLQ AL domain (r = 0.51); IPAQ time spent walking correlated with the PAQLQ symptoms domain (r = 0.45); and IPAQ time spent in vigorous activity correlated with the AL domain (r = 0.50). In the regression analysis, only sensation of dyspnea remained significantly correlated with the total PAQLQ score and its AL domain; leg fatigue remained significantly correlated with the symptoms domain. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of physical activity indicate better quality of life, as do lower perception of dyspnea and less leg fatigue. The 6MST proved to be a viable option for evaluating exercise capacity in adolescents with asthma, because it reflects the discomfort that asthma causes during activities of daily living.

Influência da doença de Parkinson em capacidade física, função pulmonar e índice de massa magra corporal / Influence of the Parkinson's disease on physical capacity, lung function and lean body mass index

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com Doença de Parkinson (DP) apresentam obstrução grave das vias aéreas, fadiga e incoordenação dos músculos respiratórios, redução de massa muscular e fraqueza e fadiga musculares, levando a intolerância ao exercício e piora da qualidade de vida. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e comparar o índice de massa magra corporal (IMMC), variáveis espirométricas, força muscular respiratória e capacidade física, em pacientes com DP e idosos saudáveis. Além disso, verificar quais dessas variáveis influenciam a capacidade física de pacientes com DP. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 25 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, sendo dez pacientes com DP (Grupo DP [GDP]: 72,7 ± 10,0 anos) e 15 idosos saudáveis (Grupo saudável [GS]: 64,8 ± 6,7 anos), pela espirometria, pressões inspiratória (PImáx) e expiratória máximas (PEmáx), composição corporal e do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6). RESULTADOS: O GDP apresentou valores significativamente menores de relação volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo/capacidade vital forçada, ventilação voluntária máxima (VVM), massa muscular, PImáx, PEmáx, e distância percorrida no TC6 comparado ao GS. No GDP, observaram-se correlações positivas moderadas significativas da PEmáx e VVM com a distância percorrida no TC6 (r = 0,84; r = 0,67, respectivamente), entre o IMMC com VVM (r = 0,69). CONCLUSÃO: O GDP apresentaram redução da massa muscular, da endurance e forças musculares respiratórias, e da capacidade física, se comparados aos idosos saudáveis. Além disso, a PEmáx e a VVM influenciam a capacidade física medida pelo TC6, assim como a massa muscular influencia a endurance da musculatura respiratória nos pacientes com DP. Assim, devemos tornar o TC6 um método padrão de avaliação na prática clínica.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have severe airway obstruction, fatigue and respiratory muscle incoordination, reduced muscle mass and muscle weakness and fatigue, leading to exercise intolerance and reduced quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To assess and compare the lean body mass index (LBMI), spirometric variables, respiratory muscle strength and physical capacity of DP patients and healthy elderly. Also, verify which of these variables influence exercise capacity in patients with PD. MATERIALS ANS METHODS: Twenty-five individuals of both sexes were evaluated: ten DP patients (PD group [PDG]: 72.7 ± 10.0 years old) and 15 healthy elderly (Healthy group [HG]: 64.8 ± 6.7 years old), through spirometry, respiratory muscle strength, body composition and 6MWT. RESULTS: The PDG presented significantly lower values, forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity, maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), muscle mass, maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressures (MEP) and the covered distance in the 6MWT compared to HG. In PDG, moderately positive correlations significant (p < 0.001) were observed between MEP and MVV with covered distance in the 6MWT (r = 0.84; r = 0.67, respectively), and between the LBMI with MVV (r = 0.69). CONCLUSION: The patients of PDG had reduced muscle mass, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and of physical capacity compared to healthy elderly. Also, expiratory muscle strength and respiratory muscles endurance influence physical capacity (measured by 6MWT), as well as muscle mass influence the respiratory muscle endurance in patients with PD. This way, we have found the importance of the 6MWT to become a standard method of assessment in clinical practice in patients with DP.

Responsiveness of the six-minute step test to a physical training program in patients with COPD.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the responsiveness of the six-minute step test (6MST) to an aerobic physical training program (PTP) and to determine the efficacy of the PTP regarding spirometric variables during the 6MST, as well as physical performance, sensation of dyspnea, and SpO2 during the 6MST and the six-minute walk test (6MWT), in patients with COPD. METHODS: This was a controlled, prospective randomized study involving patients clinically diagnosed with COPD, with an FEV1/FVC ratio < 70%, and having been clinically stable in the last two months. The patients were randomized to undergo a PTP on a treadmill, three times a week, for six weeks (PTP group) or not (control group). Histories were taken from all of the patients, who received regular respiratory therapy during the study period, undergoing physical examination and spirometry before and after bronchodilator use; incremental symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing; the 6MST; and the 6MWT. RESULTS: Of the 36 patients that completed the study, 21 and 15 were in the PTP and control groups, respectively. In the PTP group, there was a significant increase in the number of steps climbed during the 6MST and in the six-minute walk distance (in m and % of predicted), as well as a significant decrease in the sensation of dyspnea during the 6MWT. CONCLUSIONS: The 6MST showed responsiveness to the PTP. However, the 6MWT appears to be more responsive to the PTP proposed.

Responsividade do teste do degrau de seis minutos a um programa de treinamento físico em pacientes com DPOC / Responsiveness of the six-minute step test to a physical training program in patients with COPD

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a responsividade do teste do degrau de seis minutos (TD6) a um programa de treinamento físico (PTF) aeróbio e verificar a eficácia do PTF quanto às variáveis ergoespirométricas no TD6, assim como ao desempenho físico, sensação de dispneia e SpO2 no TD6 e no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) em pacientes com DPOC. MÉTODOS: Estudo controlado, prospectivo e randomizado com pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de DPOC que apresentassem relação VEF1/CVF < 70% e condições clinicamente estáveis nos últimos dois meses. Os pacientes foram randomizados em grupo PTF, que realizaram um PTF em esteira por seis semanas, três vezes por semana, e grupo controle. Todos os participantes receberam cuidados usuais de fisioterapia respiratória durante o período de estudo e foram submetidos a anamnese, exame físico, espirometria antes e após o uso de broncodilatador, teste cardiopulmonar incremental sintoma limitado, TD6 e TC6 nos momentos basal e final. RESULTADOS: Dos 36 pacientes que completaram o estudo, 21 e 15 foram distribuídos nos grupos PTF e controle, respectivamente. Verificou-se um aumento significativo do número de subidas no degrau no TD6, da distância percorrida no TC6 (em m e % do previsto), assim como uma redução significativa da sensação de dispneia durante o TC6 somente no grupo PTF. CONCLUSÕES: O TD6 apresentou responsividade ao PTF. No entanto, acreditamos que o TC6 seja mais responsivo ao PTF proposto.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the responsiveness of the six-minute step test (6MST) to an aerobic physical training program (PTP) and to determine the efficacy of the PTP regarding spirometric variables during the 6MST, as well as physical performance, sensation of dyspnea, and SpO2 during the 6MST and the six-minute walk test (6MWT), in patients with COPD. METHODS: This was a controlled, prospective randomized study involving patients clinically diagnosed with COPD, with an FEV1/FVC ratio < 70%, and having been clinically stable in the last two months. The patients were randomized to undergo a PTP on a treadmill, three times a week, for six weeks (PTP group) or not (control group). Histories were taken from all of the patients, who received regular respiratory therapy during the study period, undergoing physical examination and spirometry before and after bronchodilator use; incremental symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing; the 6MST; and the 6MWT. RESULTS: Of the 36 patients that completed the study, 21 and 15 were in the PTP and control groups, respectively. In the PTP group, there was a significant increase in the number of steps climbed during the 6MST and in the six-minute walk distance (in m and % of predicted), as well as a significant decrease in the sensation of dyspnea during the 6MWT. CONCLUSIONS: The 6MST showed responsiveness to the PTP. However, the 6MWT appears to be more responsive to the PTP proposed.

Avaliação da prevalência de osteoporose e fraturas vertebrais em pacientes portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Evaluation of the prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

INTRODUÇÃO: A osteoporose é uma doença progressiva que contribui para o surgimento de fraturas vertebrais. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência da osteoporose, fraturas vertebrais e intensidade da dor nas regiões da coluna vertebral em pacientes com DPOC moderada e grave, além de verificar se há relação entre tais variáveis e a gravidade da obstrução pulmonar. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 34 indivíduos portadores de DPOC (GDPOC) e 33 indivíduos saudáveis (GC), por meio da densitometria óssea e radiografias da coluna torácica e lombar. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças significativas intergrupos nos dados antropométricos. O GDPOC apresentou valores menores nas variáveis espirométricas, na densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e no escore-T, quando comparado com o GC (p < 0,05; Teste t Student); além disso, não se observou correlação entre VEF1 e DMO e escore-T (Correlação de Pearson, p > 0,05). Verificou-se uma alta prevalência de osteoporose, sendo que 20 indivíduos (59%) com obstrução moderada apresentaram na coluna lombar, l (3%) no colo do fêmur e l (3%) no trocânter; 4 (12%) com obstrução pulmonar grave na coluna lombar, l (3%) no colo do fêmur e l (3%) no trocânter. Vinte indivíduos (59%) do GDPOC com osteoporose apresentaram fraturas de graus I e II, 4 (12%) grau III (k = 0,90; IC: 95%) e 3 indivíduos do GDPOC relataram presença de dor com intensidade "leve" na região toracolombar, enquanto 21 apresentaram fraturas vertebrais osteoporóticas assintomáticas. CONCLUSÃO Concluímos que os indivíduos com DPOC de moderada a grave apresentaram, além do comprometimento pulmonar, diminuição da DMO e fraturas vertebrais osteoporóticas, o que indica a necessidade de se adotar medidas de prevenção da osteoporose nesses pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis is a progressive disease that contributes to the emergence of vertebral fractures. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of osteoporosis, vertebral fractures and pain intensity in the regions of the spine in patients with moderate or severe COPD and to check whether there is a connection between these variables and gravity of pulmonary obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 34 subjects with COPD (COPDG) and 33 healthy subjects (CG), using bone densitometry and radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spine. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups in demographics. The COPDG values were lower in spirometric variables in bone mineral density (BMD) and T-score compared to the CG (p < 0.05, Student's t test) and, moreover, no correlation was observed between BMD and FEV1 and T-score (Pearson correlation, p > 0.05). There was a high prevalence of osteoporosis, and 20 individuals (59%) presented with moderate obstruction in the lumbar spine, l (3%) in the femoral neck and l (3%) trochanter; 4 (12%) with severe pulmonary obstruction in the lumbar spine, l (3%) in the femoral neck and l (3%) in the trochanter. Twenty subjects (59%) of COPDG osteoporotic fractures had grade I and II, 4 (12%) grade III (k = 0.90, CI: 95%) and three individuals COPDG reported presence of "light" pain intensity in the thoracolumbar region, while 21 had asymptomatic osteoporotic vertebral fractures. CONCLUSION: We conclude that individuals with moderate to severe COPD showed beyond the pulmonary obstruction, decreased BMD and osteoporotic vertebral fractures, which indicates the need to adopt measures to prevent osteoporosis in these patients.

Teste do degrau e teste da cadeira: comportamento das respostas metábolo-ventilatórias e cardiovasculares na DPOC / Step test and sit-to-stand test: behavior of metabolic, ventilatory and cardiovascular responses in patients with COPD

OBJETIVOS: Verificar as respostas metabólicas, ventilatórias, cardiovasculares e de percepção de esforço entre o isotime de dois minutos do teste do degrau (TD2) e o teste do degrau de seis minutos (TD6) com o teste de sentar-se e levantar-se da cadeira de dois minutos (TSL) nos indivíduos com DPOC. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 11 homens com DPOC (71 ± 8 anos, VEF1 = 46,1 ± 15,2% previsto), clinicamente estáveis, por meio do TD6 e TSL associados à análise de gases e à coleta de lactato sanguíneo, realizadas em dias diferentes e não consecutivos. No TD2 e TD6, os indivíduos foram instruídos a subir e descer um degrau de 20 cm de altura o mais rápido possível. O mesmo foi recomendado no TSL, que foi realizado em uma cadeira de 46 cm de altura. RESULTADOS:Na análise intertestes não se observou diferença significativa nas variáveis metábolo-ventilatórias, cardiovasculares e Δdispneia no pico de ambos os testes, bem como no TD2. Quanto ao Δfrequκncia cardíaca e ao Δfadiga nos membros inferiores, constataram-se valores significantemente maiores para o TSL comparado ao TD2; e correlações positivas entre o consumo de oxigênio, Δfrequência cardíaca e os desempenhos no TD2 e TD6, entre os desempenhos no TD6 e TSL, e no TD2 com TSL. CONCLUSÃO:Os testes realizados apresentaram respostas metábolo-ventilatórias, cardiovasculares e dispneia similares; e o TD2 mostrou-se uma alternativa para avaliar as limitações funcionais dos indivíduos com DPOC de obstrução grave, proporcionando menor estresse cardiovascular e fadiga muscular se comparado ao TSL, pelas exigências metabólicas periféricas e ajustes posturais.

OBJECTIVES: Verify the metabolic, ventilatory, cardiovascular and perceived effort responses between the isotime two minute step test (2MST) and six minute step test (6MST) with two minute sit-to-stand test (STST) in individuals with COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS:11 men with COPD (71 ± 8 years, FEV1 = 46.1 ± 15.2% predicted), clinically stable, were evaluation by STST and 6MST associated gas analysis and blood lactate in days which were not consecutive and not coincidental. In the 6MST and 2MST, the subjects were instructed ascend-to-descend a step 20 cm in height as quickly as possible. It was recommended that in the STST was performed in a chair 46 cm high. RESULTS: In the inter-tests analysis, there was no significant difference in the metabolic, ventilatory, cardiovascular variables and delta of variation (Δ) dyspnea at the peak of both tests, and 2MST. The Δheart frequency and Δfatigue in the lower limbs were significantly higher compared to STST for 2MST. We observed moderate and strong positive correlations between oxygen consumption, Δheart frequency and performances in 2MST and 6MST, between performances in 6MST and STST, and 2MST with STST. CONCLUSION: The tests showed metabolic, ventilatory, cardiovascular and dyspnoea responses similar; and 2MST, can be alternative to assess the functional limitations of individuals with COPD severe obstruction, providing a lower cardiovascular stress and muscle fatigue compared to the STST, the peripheral metabolic requirements and postural adjustments.

Relação da medida da amplitude tóraco-abdominal de adolescentes asmáticos e saudáveis com seu desempenho físico / Relationship of the measure of the amplitude thoracoabdominal in asthmatics and healthy adolescents with the physical performance

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar as diferenças das amplitudes tóraco-abdominais nos três níveis (axilar, xifoide e abdominal), nos adolescentes asmáticos e nos saudáveis, e compará-las entre eles. Além de relacioná-las com a capacidade de exercício físico. Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliados 38adolescentes, na faixa etária dos 11 aos 15 anos, de ambos os sexos, sendo 19 adolescentes asmáticos, que compuseram o grupo asmático (GA), e 19 saudáveis, que compuseram o grupo saudável (GS). Foi preenchida uma ficha de anamnese e realizada a avaliação antropométrica, espirométrica, o teste do degrau deseis minutos (TD6) e a cirtometria, e calculado o índice de amplitude tóraco-abdominal (IA) Resultados:Observou-se diferença significativa para IA entre os níveis axilar e abdominal e xifoidiano e abdominal em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença significativa quanto ao IA entre os grupos. Somente no GA houve correlação positiva do número total de subidas no TD6 com o IA axilar e xifoide. Conclusão: Para adolescentes com asma intermitente e persistente leve não houve diferença na cirtometria tóraco-abdominal quando comparados aos saudáveis e houve correlação dos IA axilar e xifoidiano com o desempenho físico no TD6.

AIMS: The aims were verify the differences of amplitude thoracoabdominal by cirtometry, at the levels axillary, xiphoid and abdominal in asthmatics and healthy adolescents and to compare the difference between them. In addition correlate them with the physical exercise capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty eight adolescents were assessed, aged from 11 to 15 years, of both sex. Nineteen were asthmatic adolescent, which composed the asthmatic group (AG), and nineteen were health adolescents, which composed the healthy group (HG). A clinical history was provided and all subjects were submitted an anthropometric and spirometric evaluation, the six minute step test (6MST), the cirtometry, and was calculated the amplitude thoracoabdominal index (TAI).RESULTS: Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed to TAI, between axillary and abdominal levels, and xiphoid and abdominal levels in both group. No significant difference in regard to TAI between groups. Only in the AG there was positive correlation of the total number of ascent in the 6MST with the axillary and xiphoid TAI (r = 0,57 e r = 0,50; p < 0,05). CONCLUSION: There were no difference in the thoracic and abdominal cirtometry in adolescents with intermittent and persistent mild asthma when compared with the healthy adolescents and there were correlation axillary and xiphoid TAI with the physical performance in the 6MST.