ABSTRACT
Isthmocele is a gynecological condition characterized by a disruption in the uterine scar, often associated with prior cesarean sections. This anatomical anomaly can be attributed to inadequate or insufficient healing of the uterine wall following a cesarean incision. It appears that isthmocele may impact a woman's quality of life as well as her reproductive capacity. The incidence of isthmocele can range from 20% to 70% in women who have undergone a cesarean section. This review aims to sum up the current knowledge about the effect of isthmocele on fertility and the possible therapeutic strategies to achieve pregnancy. However, currently, there is not sufficiently robust evidence to indicate the need for surgical correction in all asymptomatic patients seeking fertility. In cases where surgical correction of isthmocele is deemed necessary, it is advisable to evaluate residual myometrial thickness (RMT). For patients with RMT >2.5-3 mm, hysteroscopy appears to be the technique of choice. In cases where the residual tissue is lower, recourse to laparotomic, laparoscopic, or vaginal approaches is warranted.
ABSTRACT
It is unclear whether the site of origin of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (mPTC) with respect to the thyroid surface has an influence on clinicopathologic parameters. The objectives of the study were to: (i) Accurately measure the mPTC distance from the thyroid surface; (ii) analyze whether this distance correlates with relevant clinicopathologic parameters; and (iii) investigate the impact of the site of origin of the mPTC on risk stratification. Clinicopathologic features and BRAF mutational status were analyzed and correlated with the site of origin of the mPTC in a multicenter cohort of 298 mPTCs from six Italian medical institutions. Tumors arise at a median distance of 3.5 mm below the surface of the thyroid gland. Statistical analysis identified four distinct clusters. Group A, mPTC: size ≥ 5 mm and distance of the edge of the tumor from the thyroid capsule = 0 mm; group B, mPTC: size ≥ 5 mm and distance of the edge of the tumor from the thyroid capsule > 0 mm; group C, mPTC: size < 5 mm and distance of the edge of the tumor from the thyroid capsule = 0 mm; and group D, mPTC: size < 5 mm and distance of the edge of the tumor from the thyroid capsule > 0 mm. Univariate analysis demonstrates significant differences between the groups: Group A shows the most aggressive features, and group D the most indolent ones. By multivariate analysis, group A tumors are characterized by tall cell histotype, BRAF V600E mutation, tumor fibrosis, aggressive growth with invasive features, vascular invasion, lymph node metastases, and intermediate ATA risk. The mPTC clinicopathologic features vary according to the tumor size and distance from the thyroid surface. A four-group model may be useful for risk stratification and to refine the selection of nodules to be targeted for fine needle aspiration.
ABSTRACT
Tricholemmal carcinoma is a malignant cutaneous adnexal tumor showing outer root sheath differentiation, thought to be the malignant counterpart of trichilemmoma. Although the real existence of tricholemmal carcinoma continues to be a matter of debate, it has been introduced in the recently published 4th edition of World Health Organization classification of skin tumors. Herein, we evaluated whether immunohistochemistry (EMA, CK7, CK5/14, p63, p16, and Ber-EP4) supports tricholemmal carcinoma as a separate entity and whether it could be useful in this differential diagnosis. A total of 9 cases, 3 tricholemmal carcinomas and 6 clear-cell squamous cell carcinomas were evaluated on the basis of histological criteria suggested by the WHO. In our opinion, although these results need to be validated in larger series, they support tricholemmal carcinoma as a separate entity and suggest an immunohistochemical profile (clear-cell squamous cell carcinomas: EMA diffusely positive, CK7 negative; tricholemmal carcinoma: EMA negative, CK7 patchy or moderately positive) that could be useful for this differential diagnosis.
