Effects of captions on viewers' perceptions of images depicting human-primate interaction.

Promoting human contact with wildlife can be harmful to animal conservation and welfare by exposing animals to unsafe situations and driving demand for wildlife tourism and exotic pets. Conservationists and researchers justifiably use social media to raise awareness, but professionals posting pictures of themselves with animals can have unintended negative consequences for conservation. Though the International Union for Conservation of Nature Best Practice Guidelines for Responsible Images of Non-Human Primates suggests researchers and animal professionals provide context in captions of images of humans interacting with primates, there is little research investigating whether this approach is effective. We investigated whether informative captions affect viewers' desires to have primates as pets and attitudes toward wildlife conservation. Using 4 mock Instagram posts depicting human-gorilla and human-slender loris interactions, we surveyed 2977 respondents to assess the effect of captions on viewers' perceptions of the images and primate conservation. Likert scale response data were analyzed with ordered probit regression models. Captions clearly contextualizing an image as research resulted in a significantly higher agreement that posts depicted wildlife research (gorilla ß = 0.28 [SE 0.06], p < 0.001; loris ß = 0.18 [0.06], p = 0.002), but such captions resulted in no significant difference in responses regarding viewers' desires to own primates as pets or questions regarding the primates' conservation statuses. Although most participants agreed the primates were endangered, more than 56% and 59%, respectively, stated they would have a gorilla or loris as a pet, that they would make good pets, or both, further supporting the conclusion that captions do not minimize harmful impacts of images of human-primate interactions.

Efectos de los pies de foto sobre la percepción del público de imágenes de la interacción humano-primate Resumen La promoción del contacto humano con la fauna puede ser dañina para la conservación y el bienestar animal al exponer a la fauna a situaciones poco seguras e incrementar la demanda por el turismo de fauna y las mascotas exóticas. Los conservacionistas y los investigadores usan con justificación las redes sociales para generar conciencia, pero los profesionales que publican imágenes de sí mismos con los animales pueden generar sin intención consecuencias negativas para la conservación. Aunque la Guía de Buenas Prácticas de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza para la Obtención Responsable de Imágenes de Primates No Humanos sugiere que los investigadores y profesionales de fauna proporcionen contexto en los pies de foto de las imágenes de humanos interactuando con primates, hay muy poca investigación sobre si esta estrategia es efectiva. Investigamos si los pies de foto informativos afectan el deseo del público de tener primates como mascotas y la actitud hacia la conservación de la fauna. Usamos cuatro publicaciones simuladas de Instagram representando interacciones humano-gorila y humano-loris para encuestar a 2,977 respondientes y estudiar el efecto de los pies de foto sobre la percepción del público de las imágenes y la conservación de primates. Analizamos los datos de respuesta de escala Likert con modelos de regresión probit ordenada. Los pies de foto que contextualizaban con claridad una imagen como trabajo de investigación resultaron en mayor aceptación de que las publicaciones representaban investigación sobre la fauna (gorila ß = 0.28 [SE 0.06], p < 0.001; loris ß = 0.18 [0.06], p = 0.002), pero dichos textos resultaron en una diferencia no significativa en las respuestas con respecto al deseo del público de tener primates como mascota o preguntas sobre el estado de conservación de los primates. Mientras que la mayoría de los participantes estuvo de acuerdo en que los primates están en peligro de extinción, más del 56% y 59%, respectivamente, afirmaron que tendrían un gorila o un loris como mascota, que serían buenas mascotas, o ambas. Esto suma a la conclusión de que los pies de foto no minimizan el impacto dañino de las imágenes de interacciones humano-primate.

Wild Bornean orangutans experience muscle catabolism during episodes of fruit scarcity.

Pronounced temporal and spatial variation in the availability of food resources can produce energetic deficits in organisms. Fruit-dependent Bornean orangutans face extreme variation in fruit availability and experience negative energy and protein balance during episodes of fruit scarcity. We evaluate the possibility that orangutans of different sexes and ages catabolize muscle tissue when the availability of fruit is low. We assess variation in muscle mass by examining the relationship between urinary creatinine and specific gravity and use the residuals as a non-invasive measure of estimated lean body mass (ELBM). Despite orangutans having a suite of adaptations to buffer them from fruit scarcity and associated caloric deficits, ELBM was lower during low fruit periods in all age-sex classes. As predicted, adult male orangutans had higher ELBM than adult females and immatures. Contrary to expectation, flanged and unflanged males did not differ significantly in ELBM. These findings highlight the precarity of orangutan health in the face of rapid environmental change and add to a growing body of evidence that orangutans are characterized by unique metabolic traits shaped by their unpredictable forest environment.

Wild Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) feeding rates and the Marginal Value Theorem.

The Marginal Value Theorem (MVT) is an integral supplement to Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT) as it seeks to explain an animal's decision of when to leave a patch when food is still available. MVT predicts that a forager capable of depleting a patch, in a habitat where food is patchily distributed, will leave the patch when the intake rate within it decreases to the average intake rate for the habitat. MVT relies on the critical assumption that the feeding rate in the patch will decrease over time. We tested this assumption using feeding data from a population of wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) from Gunung Palung National Park. We hypothesized that the feeding rate within orangutan food patches would decrease over time. Data included feeding bouts from continuous focal follows between 2014 and 2016. We recorded the average feeding rate over each tertile of the bout, as well as the first, midpoint, and last feeding rates collected. We did not find evidence of a decrease between first and last feeding rates (Linear Mixed Effects Model, n = 63), between a mid-point and last rate (Linear Mixed Effects Model, n = 63), between the tertiles (Linear Mixed Effects Model, n = 63), nor a decrease in feeding rate overall (Linear Mixed Effects Model, n = 146). These findings, thus, do not support the MVT assumption of decreased patch feeding rates over time in this large generalist frugivore.