Descriptive and comparative analysis of mucocutaneous manifestations in patients with dengue fever: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Dengue is an arbovirosis affecting nearly 4 billion people worldwide. Since 2018, dengue has been re-emerging in Reunion Island. The incidence of mucocutaneous manifestations varies according to the studies and is generally called 'rash'. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of different mucocutaneous symptoms and describe the characteristics of patients developing these symptoms and the clinical signs associated with severe dengue. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in 2019 at the University Hospital of La Réunion, in patients presenting a positive PCR for dengue. Descriptive analyses were performed. All cases in the prospective study were examined by a dermatologist. RESULTS: A total of 163 cases were included. The prevalence of mucocutaneous signs was 80.4%. A pruritus was reported in 33.7% cases, an erythematous rash in 29.4% and a mouth involvement including lip, tongue, cheek, angular cheilitis, pharyngitis, mouth ulcer and gingivitis in 31.3%. Most of symptoms appeared in the first days, but some of them could disappear only after the 3rd week. Mucocutaneous signs were not associated with a severe dengue fever (p = 0.54), but ecchymotic purpura was (p = 0.037). In multivariate analysis, skin involvement was associated with flu-like syndrome (headache, pharyngitis, rachis pain) and patient required rehydration but not invasive reanimation. CONCLUSION: This work confirms the high prevalence of skin symptoms in dengue disease, but also their wide diversity. The mucocutaneous involvement of dengue fever appears to be accompanied by a pronounced flu-like syndrome in people without severity, but careful examination to identify ecchymotic purpura or sign of dehydration in the mucous membranes would better identify cases that may worsen.

Cerebellar syndrome associated with legionellosis: A case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Legionnaire's disease is a community-acquired pneumonia caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Legionella pneumophila. This disease is often associated with neurological symptoms, the clinical presentation of which can be very varied. CASE REPORT: We report a 47-year-old female patient who developed Legionnaires' disease with cerebellar symptoms (ataxia, dysarthria and hypermetria). Laboratory tests revealed a biological inflammatory syndrome. The cerebrospinal fluid was sterile. Urinary antigen test and serology were positive for L. pneumophila. An interstitial syndrome of the right upper lobe was detected on chest computed tomography (CT) scan. Brain imaging (magnetic resonance imaging and CT angiography) showed no abnormalities. The outcome was favourable after treatment with spiramycin, levofloxacin and corticosteroids. DISCUSSION: Few cases only (n=110) of Legionnaires' disease with cerebellar symptoms have been reported in the literature. The pathogenic mechanism behind neurological dysfunction in patients with Legionnaires' disease is unknown. Neurological symptoms improve with antibiotic therapy and corticosteroids. Extra-pulmonary forms of Legionnaires' disease are frequent, with neurological symptoms being the most common symptoms. Cerebellar dysfunction may be underestimated and requires appropriate management with antibiotic therapy and corticosteroid therapy. Recommendations for the management of Legionnaire's disease with severe extra-pulmonary symptoms are needed.

Economic evaluations of interventions against influenza at workplaces: systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The burden of influenza is mostly felt by employees and employers because of increased absenteeism rates, loss of productivity and associated direct costs. Even though interventions against influenza among working adults are effective, patronage and compliance to these measures especially vaccination are low compared to other risk groups. AIMS: This study was aimed to assess evidence of economic evaluations of interventions against influenza virus infection among workers or in the workplace setting. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) reporting guideline for systematic reviews was followed. Three databases, PubMed, Web of Science and EconLit, were searched using keywords to identify relevant articles from inception till 25 October 2020. Original peer-reviewed papers that conducted economic evaluations of influenza interventions using cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness or cost-utility analysis methods focused on working-age adults or work settings were eligible for inclusion. Two independent teams of co-authors extracted and synthesized data from identified studies. RESULTS: Twenty-four articles were included: 21 were cost-benefit analyses and 3 examined cost-effectiveness analyses. Two papers also presented additional cost-utility analysis. Most of the studies were pharmaceutical interventions (n = 23) primarily focused on vaccination programs while one study was a non-pharmaceutical intervention examining the benefit of paid sick leave. All but two studies reported that interventions against influenza virus infection at the workplace were cost-saving and cost-effective regardless of the analytic approach. CONCLUSIONS: Further cost-effectiveness research in non-pharmaceutical interventions against influenza in workplace settings is warranted. There is a need to develop standardized methods for reporting economic evaluation methods to ensure comparability and applicability of future research findings.

Indications et résultats de la splénectomie chez le drépanocytaire au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Libreville / Indications and results of splenectomy in sickle cell patients at the University Hospital Center of Libreville

Introduction : la drépanocytose est une affection génétique héréditaire responsable d'une déformation des hématies en «faucilles¼. Elle peut engendrer de nombreuses complications parmi lesquelles la séquestration splénique et l'hypersplénisme. La splénectomie fait partie de l'arsenal thérapeutique, induisant un état d'hyposplénie ou d'asplénie aux conséquences parfois mortelles, surtout chez le sujet drépanocytaire. Le but de ce travail mené au service de chirurgie du centre hospitalier universitaire de Libreville au Gabon, est de déterminer les indications et les résultats à moyen terme de la splénectomie chez le drépanocytaire.Matériel et méthodes : il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective, descriptive et monocentrique allant d'octobre 2016 à avril 2019. Tous les dossiers des patients drépanocytaires opérés d'une splénectomie seule ou associée à un autre geste chirurgical étaient retenus.Résultats : au total treize patients ont été inclus dans notre étude. L'âge moyen des patients était de 10,7 ans [3-25 ans]. L'indication opératoire était l'hypersplénisme (8 cas), la séquestration splénique (3 cas), et l'infarctus splénique (2 cas). Tous les patients étaient opérés d'une splénectomie totale par laparotomie. La vaccinothérapie et l'antibioprophylaxie post-opératoire étaient réalisées chez tous les patients. Aucune complication post-opératoire immédiate ni aucun décès n'avaient été noté chez tous les patients.Conclusion : l'indication des splénectomies chez le drépanocytaire est dominée par l'hypersplénisme. Dans notre context la splénectomie totale par laparotomie semble être la règle. La vaccination prophylactique est bien administrée. La morbi-mortalité post-opératoire immédiate est nulle.

Introduction: Sickle cell disease is a genetic inherited disorder responsible for the deformation of red blood cells into"sickles". It can lead to many complications including splenic sequestration and hypersplenism. Splenectomy is the indicated gesture. It induces a state of hyposplenia or asplenia with dreadful consequences, sometimes fatal especially in this sickle cell patient. The aim of this work, conducted at the Surgery Department of Libreville University Hospital Center in Gabon, is to determine the indications and results of splenectomy in sickle cell patients.Material and methods: this was a retrospective, descriptive and single-center study from October 2016 to April 2019.All records of sickle cell patients undergoing splenectomy alone or with other surgical procedures were included.Results: a total of thirteen patients were included in our study. The average age of the patients was 10.7 years [3-25years]. The operative indication was hypersplenism (8 cases), splenic sequestration (3 cases), and splenic infarction(2 cases). All patients underwent total splenectomy under laparotomy. Vaccine therapy and postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis were performed in all patients. No immediatepostoperativecomplications or deaths were noted in all patients. Conclusion: the indication of splenectomies in sickle cell disease is dominated by hypersplenism. In our context, total splenectomy under laparotomy was the rule. Prophylactic vaccination is well administered. Immediate postoperative morbidity and mortality is nil.

Profil épidémiologique des urgences chirurgicales viscérales pédiatriques au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Libreville / Epidemiological profile of pediatric visceral surgical emergencies at the Libreville University Hospital Center

Objectif : Etudier les urgences chirurgicales viscérales pédiatriques au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Libreville (CHUL).Patients et méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective transversale monocentrique descriptive réalisée au CHUL du 1er janvier 2018 au 30 juin 2019. Les patients âgés de 0 à 15 ans ayant présenté une urgence chirurgicale viscérale dans les services des urgences, chirurgie viscérale et thoracique et de réanimation néonatale et néonatalogie ont été inclus.Résultats : Cette étude portait sur 156 patients. L'âge moyen était de 6,67 ans avec une prédominance du sexe masculin (107/49). Quarante-deux patients étaient référés d'autres structures sanitaires. La symptomatologie évoluait depuis plus de 3 jours chez 42,3% patients. Des explorations à visée diagnostique étaient réalisées dans 145 cas, dont 90 échographies, 51 radiographies de l'abdomen sans préparation et 4 TDM. Le délai de prise en charge était de plus de 6 heures dans 82,1% cas. La pathologie la plus rencontrée était l'appendicite aigue (53 cas). Nous avions répertorié 9 décès dont 7 en post-opératoire. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation était de 7 jours avec des extrêmes de 3 et 54 jours.Conclusion : Les urgences chirurgicales viscérales occupent une place de choix dans la pathologie chirurgicale en général et chez l'enfant en particulier. La mortalité concerne majoritairement les nouveau-nés porteurs de malformations congénitales.

Objective: To study pediatric visceral surgical emergencies at the Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Libreville (CHUL).Patients and methods: This was a descriptive single-center cross-sectional prospective study carried out at the CHUL from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2019. Patients aged 0 to 15 years having presented a visceral surgical emergency in the emergency departments, surgery visceral and thoracic and neonatal resuscitation and neonatology were included. Results: This study involved 156 patients. The average age is 6.67 years with a predominance of the male sex (107/49).Forty-two patients were referred from other health facilities. Symptoms have evolved for more than 3 days in 42.3% of patients. Diagnostic scans were performed in 145 cases, including 90 ultrasounds and 51 unprepared abdominal xrays and 4 CT scans. The time to treatment was more than 6 hours in 82.1% of cases. The most common pathology was acute appendicitis (53 cases). We have identified 9 deaths, including 7 postoperative. The average length of hospital stay was 7 days with extremes of 3 and 54 days. Conclusion: Visceral surgical emergencies occupy a prominent place in surgical pathology in general and in children in particular. Mortality mainly concerns newborns with congenital malformations.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: a retrospective and multicentric study of 41 patients.

BACKGROUND: East and South East Asian subjects as well as Amerindians and Hispanic subjects are predominantly affected by Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. In Europe, only few studies have described the clinical features and treatment of this disease, especially in France. METHODS: This retrospective case series was based on data collected from patients with a VKH disease diagnosed from January 2000 to March 2017, provided by three French Tertiary Centers. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (16 men and 25 women) were diagnosed: average age at diagnosis was 38.7 years. Patients were mainly from Maghreb (58%), but ethnic origins were multiple. Pleiocytosis was observed in 19 cases (63%) and 17 out of 41 patients showed audio vestibular signs (41%), and 11 showed skin signs (27%). Thirty-four were treated with corticosteroids (83%), 11 with an immunosuppressant treatment (27%) and 5 with biological therapy drugs (13%). Relapse was observed in 41% patients, even though final average visual acuity had improved. We did not find any significant clinical difference in the population from Maghreb compared to other populations, but for age and sex trends, since there was a majority of younger women. CONCLUSION: We report here the second largest French cohort reported to date to our knowledge. The multiethnicity in our study suggests that VKH disease should be evoked whatever patients' ethnicity.

Use of pre-ART laboratory screening to identify renal, hepatic and haematological abnormalities in Côte d'Ivoire.

BACKGROUND: High demand for HIV-services and extensive clinical guidelines force health systems in low-resource settings to dedicate resources to service delivery at the expense of other priorities. Simplifying services may reduce the burden on health systems and pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) laboratory screening is among the services under consideration for simplification. METHODS: We assessed the frequencies of conditions linked to ART toxicities among 34,994 adult, ART-naïve patients with specimens referred to the RETRO-CI laboratory in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire between 1998 and 2017. Screening included tests for serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and haemoglobin (Hb) to identify renal dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 50 mL/min), hepatic abnormalities (ALT > 5× upper limit of normal) and severe anaemia (Hb < 6.5 g/dL), respectively. We considered screening results across four eras and identified factors associated with the conditions in question. RESULTS: The prevalence of renal dysfunction, hepatic abnormalities and severe anaemia were largely unchanged over time and just 8.4% of patients had any of the three conditions. Key factors associated with renal dysfunction and severe anaemia were age > 50 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.53; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.19-2.92; P < 0.001) and CD4 < 100 cells/µl (aOR: 2.57; 95% CI: 2.30-2.88; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The relative infrequency of conditions linked to toxicity in Côte d'Ivoire supports the notion that simplification of pre-ART laboratory screening may be undertaken with limited negative impact on identification of adverse events. Targeted screening may be a feasible strategy to balance detection of conditions associated with ART toxicities with simplification of services.

CONTEXTE: La forte demande de services VIH et les directives cliniques détaillées obligent les systèmes de santé des pays à faibles ressources à consacrer des ressources à la prestation de services au détriment d'autres priorités. La simplification des services peut réduire la charge pesant sur les systèmes de santé et les analyses de laboratoire avant la thérapie antirétrovirale (ART) fait partie des services envisagés pour la simplification. MÉTHODES: Nous avons évalué la fréquence des conditions liées aux toxicités dues à l'ART chez 34.994 patients adultes naïfs pour l'ART avec des échantillons référés au laboratoire RETRO-CI à Abidjan, en Côte d'Ivoire entre 1998 et 2017. Les analyses comprenaient les tests de créatinine sérique, d'alanine aminotransférase (ALT) et d'hémoglobine (Hb) pour identifier respectivement la dysfonction rénale (débit de filtration glomérulaire estimé <50 mL/min), les anomalies hépatiques (ALT >5x la limite supérieure normale) et l'anémie sévère (Hb <6,5 g/dL). Nous avons examiné les résultats des analyses sur quatre époques et identifié les conditions associées aux conditions en question. RÉSULTATS: La prévalence de la dysfonction rénale, des anomalies hépatiques et de l'anémie sévère est restée largement inchangée au fil du temps et seulement 8,4% des patients présentaient l'une des trois conditions. Les facteurs clés associés à la dysfonction rénale et à l'anémie sévère étaient l'âge >50 ans (odds ratio ajusté (aOR): 2,53; intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95%: 2,19 à 2,92; p <0,001) et les CD4 <100 cellules/µl (aOR: 2,57; IC95%: 2,30 à 2,88; P < 0,001). CONCLUSION: La relativement faible fréquence des conditions liées à la toxicité en Côte d'Ivoire soutient la notion selon laquelle une simplification des analyses de laboratoire pré-ART peut être entreprise avec un impact négatif limité sur l'identification des événements adverses. Le ciblage des analyses peut être une stratégie réalisable pour aligner la détection des conditions associées aux toxicités ART à la simplification des services.

A case report of fungemia due to Kodamaea ohmeri.

BACKGROUND: Kodamaea ohmeri is a yeast is frequently mistaken for Candida, which belongs to the same family. This micro-organism has been reported to cause life-threatening infections in humans. CASE PRESENTATION: A 81-year-old woman developed a severe fungemic pulmonary infection due to Kodamaea ohmeri that was identified from bronchoalveolar fluid and blood cultures, which is unusual in immunocompetent patients. Because K. ohmeri was first wrongly identified as Candida albicans, the patient inadequately received caspofungin, which was clinically ineffective, especially as the strain was resistant to echinocandins. Clinical cure was obtained after treatment was switched to voriconazole. CONCLUSIONS: An increasing number of serious infections due to K. ohmeri has been reported in the literature, but the correct identification of this micro-organism remains difficult.

Tetanus associated with road accidents in the infectious diseases department of Point G University Hospital, Bamako, Mali.

The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic aspects of tetanus associated with road accidents and to make recommendations. This observational study collected retrospective clinical data over a 9-year period about adults admitted for trismus and/or generalized or localized paroxysm after a road accident. The study included 25 patients, accounting for 22.12 % of all tetanus cases. Men were massively overrepresented (sex-ratio M/F: 24/1). The median age was 34 ± 8 years. In all, vaccination status was unknown for 4 patients and known to be negative for 21. Immunoprophylaxis was nonexistent in all cases. The generalized clinical form was dominant (96 %). Severity reached level III for 12 % of patients. The points of entry included open leg fractures (4 cases), head wounds (2), mucocutaneous wounds (14), and muscle contusions (5). The mean time to referral for tetanus was 8 ± 7 days, and the median hospital stay 9.08 ± 11 days. Patients were mostly residents of urban (56 %) and suburban areas (28 %) [P = 0.04]. Two cases were complicated by severe malaria. The mortality rate was 60 %, and 52 % of the deaths occurred within the first 72 hours after hospitalization. It is essential to promote serum therapy and tetanus immunization for patients after road accidents. Increasing the awareness of traditional healers of these treatments deserves consideration.

Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques des personnes vivant avec le VIH dans un centre de prise en charge au Sénégal

L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les connaissances des Personnes Vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH) sur les modes de transmission, la prévention et le traitement de l'infection à VIH, décrire et d'analyser leurs comportements et pratiques depuis l'annonce de leur séropositivité. Méthodologie : Etude transversale à visée descriptive réalisée du 1er juin au 31 octobre 2012, concernant les patients infectés par le VIH, suivis en ambulatoire au Centre de Recherche Clinique et de Formation de Fann. Résultats : Quarante-sept patients, en majorité des femmes (sex-ratio F/M = 3,2) ont été interrogés. Leur âge médian était de 43 ans [extrêmes : 18 ans-63 ans]. Les infections opportunistes constituaient la principale circonstance de dépistage (75%).Les principales sources d'information sur la maladie étaient les médias (75%). La transmission mère-enfant n'était connue que par 17% des patients. Le préservatif était le moyen de prévention le plus cité (77%). Seuls 4 patients ont cité les centres de dépistage volontaire pour le dépistage de l'infection à VIH. Cinquante-quatre pour cent des cas percevaient leur maladie comme une épreuve divine. Par rapport aux attitudes et pratiques face au VIH, 32 patients étaient favorables au partage du statut sérologique mais seuls 29 avaient informé un tiers qui était le conjoint dans 7 cas. Vingt-huit patients étaient sexuellement actifs et 12 exigeaient le port de préservatif. Conclusion : La prise en charge psycho-sociale et sexuelle au cours du suivi est indispensable afin d'améliorer les connaissances des patients sur l'infection à VIH, leurs attitudes et pratiques

Origine géographique et aspects cliniques de 87 cas de leishmaniose cutanée suivis dans un hôpital de Dakar

Introduction : La leishmaniose cutanée est une anthropozoonose dont l'épidémiologie est en grande partie déterminée par des facteurs écologiques. Notre objectif était d'étudier les aspects épidémiologiques et cliniques récents de la leishmaniose cutanée à l'Institut d'Hygiène Sociale de Dakar. Malades et méthode : Il s'agit d'une étude transversale, sur une période de dix ans, effectuée au service de dermatologie de l'IHS de Dakar. Les malades étaient recrutés à partir des registres de consultation et d'hospitalisation. Résultats : Quatre-vingt-sept cas de leishmaniose cutanée ont été colligés, soit une fréquence hospitalière de 0,07%. Le sex-ratio était de 1,38 et l'âge moyen de 59 ± 17,83 ans, avec des extrêmes de 9 mois à 75 ans. Les formes cliniques étaient : ulcéro-croûteuses dans 46% (n = 23), sporotrichoïdes dans 18% (n = 9), ulcéro-surinfectées dans 18% (n = 9) et autres dans 18% (n = 9). Les localisations étaient essentiellement : membres supérieurs dans 64% des cas et membres inférieurs dans 34% et tête et tronc dans 18% des cas. Le nombre moyen de lésions étaient de 2.6 ± 1.86. Les corps de Leishman étaient retrouvés dans 22,58%. Les cas provenaient de Matam dans 32,55% des cas, Tambacounda dans 27,9%, Fatick dans 13,95%, Thiès dans 9,30% et Dakar dans 1 cas. Discussion : Notre étude montre un probable élargissement de l'aire géographique de la leishmaniose cutanée vers la capitale sénégalaise. Ceci pourrait être dû à un bouleversement écologique secondaire à l'urbanisation galopante et anarchique

[Evaluation of midwives' practices for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B in Abidjan (Ivory Coast)]. / Évaluation de la pratique des sages-femmes sur la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du virus de l'hépatite B à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire).

UNLABELLED: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) assumes and requires good practices by midwives. The objective of this study was to evaluate their practices for this prevention. METHODOLOGY: This prospective, descriptive study in Abidjan took place from January 2 to May 31, 2014 and included the midwives in Abidjan (recruited from university hospitals, general hospitals, and peripheral health care facilities) at the time of the survey who agreed to complete this written survey. Univariate analyses were done with Pearson Chi 2 tests or Fisher's test, as appropriate, P<0.05 was defined as significant. RESULTS: The study included 197 of the 220 midwives approached (89.5%), 88 (44.6%) of whom worked in the university hospital delivery rooms. Overall, 59% performed HBsAg tests during the second trimester, and 47.72% vaccinated newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers at birth. Hospital-based midwives had the best prevention practices, including HBsAg testing (P = 0.023) and immunization of the newborn at birth (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Midwives' practices for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HBV in Abidjan are improving.

Field study of dried blood spot specimens for HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping.

Dried blood spots (DBS) are an alternative specimen type for HIV drug resistance genotyping in resource-limited settings. Data relating to the impact of DBS storage and shipment conditions on genotyping efficiency under field conditions are limited. We compared the genotyping efficiencies and resistance profiles of DBS stored and shipped at different temperatures to those of plasma specimens collected in parallel from patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. Plasma and four DBS cards from anti-coagulated venous blood and a fifth card from finger-prick blood were prepared from 103 HIV patients with a median viral load (VL) of 57,062 copies/ml (range, 1,081 to 2,964,191). DBS were stored at ambient temperature for 2 or 4 weeks or frozen at -80 °C and shipped from Uganda to the United States at ambient temperature or frozen on dry ice for genotyping using a broadly sensitive in-house method. Plasma (97.1%) and DBS (98.1%) stored and shipped frozen had similar genotyping efficiencies. DBS stored frozen (97.1%) or at ambient temperature for 2 weeks (93.2%) and shipped at ambient temperature also had similar genotyping efficiencies. Genotyping efficiency was reduced for DBS stored at ambient temperature for 4 weeks (89.3%, P = 0.03) or prepared from finger-prick blood and stored at ambient temperature for 2 weeks (77.7%, P < 0.001) compared to DBS prepared from venous blood and handled similarly. Resistance profiles were similar between plasma and DBS specimens. This report delineates the optimal DBS collection, storage, and shipping conditions and opens a new avenue for cost-saving ambient-temperature DBS specimen shipments for HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) surveillances in resource-limited settings.

[Non-neuromeningeal cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS in Bamako, Mali: 2 case reports]. / Cryptococcose extra-neuroméningée au cours du sida à Bamako, Mali (à propos de 2 observations).

Non-neuromeningeal cryptococcosis forms resulting from disseminated infection are rarely reported in African literature and are non-documented in Malian medical ward. We report two clinical observations. Case 1: a 26-year-old patient, carrying the HIV-1 infection, in which the clinical examination revealed skin lesions simulating molluscum contagiosum and functional impairment of the lower limbs. Radiography of the lumbar spine showed vertebral osteolysis on L4-L5. Cryptococcal research remained negative in the CSF but positive at histological examination of the skin lesions and in pathological products of lumbosacral drainage. The treatment with fluconazole and ARV led to a favorable outcome. Case 2: a 42-year-old patient, admitted for fever cough, known for his non-compliance to ARVs and in which the examination found a syndrome of pleural condensation and a painful swelling of the outer third of the right clavicle (around the acromio-clavicular joint). Paraclinical investigations concluded in osteolysis of the acromial end of the right clavicle and an image of the right lung with abundant effusion. Cryptococcal research was positive in the pleural effusion and in the product of aspiration of acromio-clavicular tumefaction, negative in CSF. It seems important to think of a cryptococcal etiology even in the absence of clinical meningeal signs in front of any cutaneous sign and any fluctuating swelling in HIV+ patient.

[Malian first observation of disseminated African histoplasmosis with predominant bone localizations in an HIV-negative child in Bamako (Mali). Review of the literature]. / Première observation malienne d'histoplasmose africaine disséminée à prédominance osseuse chez un enfant VIH négatif. Revue de la littérature.

Endemic deep fungal infections are still under recognised diseases in daily medical practice because of their rarity in sub-Saharan area. The African histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii (H. capsulatum duboisii) is the most frequent variety described in Mali through limited studies in adult patients, since the first case described by Catanei and Kervran (1945). Our case report is a disseminated histoplasmosis in a young 6-year-old african child. He was male and rural. The infectious localisations were mucosae, skin, lymphnodes, urinary tract and bones. Evolution has been marred by an episode of worsening of symptoms despite initial clinical improvement with ketoconazole. After healing of mucocutaneous lesions, we noticed a limitation of ampliation of both wrists. The radiographic bone lesions were lysis of the right lower end of the right radius and cubitus and fragmentation of cubital epiphysis of the same arm. Lacunes were present on the fifth right finger in metatarsus and phalanx; lacune and blowing aspect of the second phalanx of the left third finger was noted. The disseminated form of African histoplasmosis may occur in HIV-negative subject. The prognosis depends on early diagnosis and administration of appropriate and well-conducted therapy.

[Epidemiological, clinical and evolving HIV-positive patients referred to the University Hospital of Point G, Bamako, Mali]. / Profil épidémioclinique et évolutif de patients VIH positif, référés au CHU du Point G, Bamako, Mali.

We conduct a longitudinal descriptive study in the department of infectious diseases to CHU of Point G during 18 months. It concerned adult patients referred from another care center. All the patients underwent systematic clinical examination and complementary exploration. Our sample was 352 HIV+ patients, with a mean age of 37.8 ± 9.8 years and a sex ratio (M/F)=0.94 shared among patients receiving ARV treatment (ART-s) and not (n-ART). Delay of reference was 5 ± 4.4 days. All patients benefited from clinical and paraclinical examinations. In both groups patients were mostly from level II. On admission, 132 cases were ART-s (38%). The main reasons for consultation were mainly fever [87.9%, p <0.05] and vomiting [17.4%, p =0.005] in the ART-s. Cough (p=0.9), and diarrhoea (p=0.5] were most noted in the n-TARV no statistically significant (no SS). Other reference reasons were similar in the 2 groups: headache (p=0.4), dyspnea (p=0.1). Selected diagnoses were dominated by tuberculosis (p=0.6) for n-ART no SS. Nontuberculosis infectious pneumonia (p=0.8) and cerebral toxoplasmosis (p=0.8) were comparable in the two groups. Severe systemic bacterial infections occurred more noted in the n-TARV (p=0.7). Malaria has been the main non-AIDS defining disease in the n-ART [-p=0.07] no SS. Patients were seen to late stage a corollary of a more collapsed of immunity in n-ART group [93.3%, p <0.05]. The fatality rate was similar in both groups (43.2%). Pathological factors were mainly tuberculosis (p=0.3) no SS. The factors involved significantly in TARV-s were non-tuberculosis bacterial pneumonia (p=0.001). The hospital mortality of HIV and AIDS is still important. Despite free ARVs and the large number of support center, the delay in diagnosis is a key as well as the lack of monitoring of patients factor.