The relationship between culture-related grief beliefs, prolonged grief disorder and suicide ideation among Shidu parents in rural China.

BACKGROUND: There are many one-child families in China due to the one-child policy. Parents who have lost their only child and are unable to conceive another child or unwilling to adopt a child are called Shidu parents in China. The death of an only child puts Shidu parents at the risk of mental illness and even suicide. Few studies have explored the influence of cultural beliefs and prolonged grief disorder on suicide ideation. METHODS: This study involved rural Shidu parents from Sujiatun district of Shenyang, China. Questionnaires consisted of the Prolonged Grief questionnaire - 13 (PG-13), the Culture-related Grief Beliefs of Shidu Parents Questionnaire (CBSQ), one question from the baseline National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) to measure suicide ideation and demographic and bereavement-related information. Bivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore associated factors of suicide ideation. RESULTS: Sixty-nine (28.8%) of the 240 Shidu parents reported having suicide ideation. Having chronic disease (OR = 5.509, p < 0.01), having religious belief (OR = 3.923, p < 0.05) and having a grandchild (OR = 2.552, p < 0.05) were associated with an increased risk of suicide ideation. Destiny belief (a subscale of CBSQ) was negatively associated with suicide ideation (OR = 0.818, p < 0.05). Prolonged grief disorder (OR = 9.280, p < 0.01) and perceived stigma (a subscale of CBSQ) (OR = 1.200, p < 0.05) was positively associated with suicide ideation after adjusting for controlling variables. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide ideation is prevalent in rural Shidu parents. Reducing perceived stigma and alleviating prolonged grief disorder may decrease the risk of suicide among rural Shidu parents.

Mobile phone addiction and depression among Chinese medical students: the mediating role of sleep quality and the moderating role of peer relationships.

The literature has shown that mobile phone addiction is an important risk factor for depression. However, the internal mechanisms of mobile phone addiction leading to depression are still not clear. This study examined the mediating role of sleep quality and moderating role of peer relationships in the association between mobile phone addiction and depression. A sample of 450 Chinese medical students were recruited to complete measures of mobile phone addiction, depression, sleep quality and peer relationships. In this study, SPSS 25.0 and macro PROCESS were used to conduct statistical analysis on the collected data. The results showed that sleep quality partially mediated the association between mobile phone addiction and depression. Moreover, the effect of sleep quality on depression was moderated by peer relationships. The present study can advance our understanding of how and when mobile phone addiction leads to depression. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed.

Culture-related grief beliefs and social support influence depressive symptoms of Shidu parents in rural China.

Background: Parents who have lost their only child are known as Shidu parents in China. Losing an only child is an enormous tragedy for parents that can trigger severe depressive symptoms. Few studies have explored the influence of cultural beliefs and social support on depressive symptoms. Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between culture-related grief beliefs, social support and depressive symptoms among Shidu parents in rural China. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Sujiatun district of Shenyang, China. Data were collected from November 2019 to February 2020 from 228 rural Shidu parents. Questionnaires consisted of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scales (CES-D), the Culture-related Grief Beliefs of Shidu Parents Questionnaire (CBSQ), the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), and demographic and bereavement-related information. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations among culture-related grief beliefs, social support and depressive symptoms. Results: Of the 228 Shidu parents, 87.0% reported depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16). The mean age of the participants was 62.91 years, ranging from 50 to 86. Regression analysis indicated that parents' younger age, lower education level and debts were prominent risk factors for depressive symptoms. Perceived stigma (a subscale of CBSQ) was positively associated with depressive symptoms. Social support was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in rural Shidu parents, there is a critical need to reduce perceived stigma and increase social support to alleviate depressive symptoms among Shidu parents in rural China.

Antecedentes: Los padres que han perdido a su único hijo se conocen como padres Shidu en China. Perder un hijo único es una tragedia enorme para los padres que puede desencadenar síntomas depresivos graves. Pocos estudios han explorado la influencia de las creencias culturales y el apoyo social sobre los síntomas depresivos.Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar la relación entre las creencias de duelo relacionadas con la cultura, el apoyo social y los síntomas depresivos en padres Shidu de las zonas rurales de China.Método: Este estudio transversal se realizó en el distrito Sujiatun de Shenyang, China. Los datos se recopilaron desde noviembre de 2019 hasta febrero de 2020 en 228 padres Shidu rurales. Los cuestionarios consistieron en las Escalas de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D por su sigla en inglés), el Cuestionario de Creencias de Duelo relacionadas con la Cultura de los Padres Shidu (CBSQ por su sigla en inglés), la Escala de Calificación de Apoyo Social (SSRS por su sigla en inglés) e información demográfica y relacionada con el duelo. Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal multiple jerárquica para examinar las asociaciones entre las creencias de duelo relacionadas con la cultura, el apoyo social y los síntomas depresivos.Resultados: De los 228 padres Shidu, el 87% reportó síntomas depresivos (CES-D ≥ 16). La edad media de los participantes fue de 62,91 años, con un rango de 50 a 86. El análisis de regresión indicó que la edad más joven de los padres, un nivel educativo más bajo y las deudas eran factores de riesgo importantes para los síntomas depresivos. El estigma percibido (una subescala del CBSQ) se asoció positivamente con síntomas depresivos. El apoyo social se asoció negativamente con síntomas depresivos.Conclusiones: Dada la alta prevalencia de síntomas depresivos en los padres Shidu rurales, existe una necesidad crítica de reducir el estigma percibido y aumentar el apoyo social para aliviar los síntomas depresivos entre los padres Shidu en las zonas rurales de China.