A pilot study of mitochondrial genomic ancestry in admixed Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes.

Interactions between multiple genes and environmental factors could be related to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The Brazilian population results from different historical miscegenation events, resulting in a highly diverse genetic pool. This study aimed to analyze the mtDNA of patients with T1D and to investigate whether there is a relationship between maternal ancestry, self-reported color and the presence of T1D. The mtDNA control region of 204 patients with T1D residing in three geographic regions of Brazil was sequenced following the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) recommendations. We obtained a frequency of Native American matrilineal origin (43.6%), African origin (38.2%), and European origin (18.1%). For self-declared color, 42.6% of the patients with diabetes reported that they were White, 50.9% were Brown, and 5.4% were Black. Finally, when we compared the self-declaration data with maternal ancestral origin, we found that for the self-declared White group, there was a greater percentage of haplogroups of Native American origin (50.6%); for the self-declared Black group, there was a greater percentage of African haplogroups (90.9%); and for the Brown group, there was a similar percentage of Native American and African haplogroups (42.3% and 45.2%, respectively). The Brazilian population with diabetic has a maternal heritage of more than 80% Native American and African origin, corroborating the country's colonization history.

Detection and Characterization of Influenza A Virus Endemic Circulation in Suckling and Nursery Pigs Originating from Vaccinated Farms in the Same Production System.

Inactivated influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines help reduce clinical disease in suckling piglets, although endemic infections still exist. The objective of this study was to evaluate the detection of IAV in suckling and nursery piglets from IAV-vaccinated sows from farms with endemic IAV infections. Eight nasal swab collections were obtained from 135 two-week-old suckling piglets from four farms every other week from March to September 2013. Oral fluid samples were collected from the same group of nursery piglets. IAV RNA was detected in 1.64% and 31.01% of individual nasal swabs and oral fluids, respectively. H1N2 was detected most often, with sporadic detection of H1N1 and H3N2. Whole-genome sequences of IAV isolated from suckling piglets revealed an H1 hemagglutinin (HA) from the 1B.2.2.2 clade and N2 neuraminidase (NA) from the 2002A clade. The internal gene constellation of the endemic H1N2 was TTTTPT with a pandemic lineage matrix. The HA gene had 97.59% and 97.52% nucleotide and amino acid identities, respectively, to the H1 1B.2.2.2 used in the farm-specific vaccine. A similar H1 1B.2.2.2 was detected in the downstream nursery. These data demonstrate the low frequency of IAV detection in suckling piglets and downstream nurseries from farms with endemic infections in spite of using farm-specific IAV vaccines in sows.

The Effects of Physical Exercise on Pain Management in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review with Metanalysis.

Objective The present study verified, through a systematic review with meta-analysis, the effects of a rehabilitation, physical training program for the treatment of pain and muscle strength in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods We analyzed studies published between 2008 and 2018 referenced at the Medline (National Library of Medicine) database, selecting 7 randomized controlled clinical trials about exercise programs to improve pain and muscle strength in patients with knee OA with Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PeDro) score higher than 8. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) systematization was used to prepare this review, and a meta-analysis was carried out to obtain mathematical evidence the outcomes of physical exercise on pain. Results The studies included in the analysis contained a total of 934 participants aged 40 to 73 years-old, with 34.90% males. Most of the exercise sets offered in OA treatment had a significantly positive outcome result in both criteria, but mainly for pain relief (statistically significant difference, p < 0.003). Conclusion We infer that there was an improvement of pain in all articles that performed muscle strengthening, but there is still an obstacle to the protocols used.

The Effects of Physical Exercise on Pain Management in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review with Metanalysis / Os efeitos do exercício físico sobre o manejo da dor em pacientes com osteoartrose de joelho: Uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise

Abstract Objective The present study verified, through a systematic review with meta-analysis, the effects of a rehabilitation, physical training program for the treatment of pain and muscle strength in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods We analyzed studies published between 2008 and 2018 referenced at the Medline (National Library of Medicine) database, selecting 7 randomized controlled clinical trials about exercise programs to improve pain and muscle strength in patients with knee OA with Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PeDro) score higher than 8. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) systematization was used to prepare this review, and a meta-analysis was carried out to obtain mathematical evidence the outcomes of physical exercise on pain. Results The studies included in the analysis contained a total of 934 participants aged 40 to 73 years-old, with 34.90% males. Most of the exercise sets offered in OA treatment had a significantly positive outcome result in both criteria, but mainly for pain relief (statistically significant difference, p< 0.003). Conclusion We infer that there was an improvement of pain in all articles that performed muscle strengthening, but there is still an obstacle to the protocols used.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo verificou por meio de uma revisão sistemática com metanálise os efeitos de um programa de reabilitação, através de um programa de treinamento físico, para o tratamento da dor e força muscular na osteoartrose (OA) de joelho. Métodos Foram analisados os estudos publicados entre 2008 e 2018, tendo como referência a base de dados Medline (National Library of Medicine), da qual foram selecionados 7 ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados que pontuaram acima de 8 na escala Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PeDro, na sigla em inglês), sobre programas de exercícios na melhora da dor e força muscular em paciente com OA de joelho. Foi usada a sistematização Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA, na sigla em inglês) para a elaboração desta revisão e a realização de uma metanálise com o objetivo de evidenciar matematicamente os resultados do exercício físico sobre a dor. Resultados Os estudos incluídos na análise continham um total de 934 participantes com idade entre 40 a 73 anos, sendo que 34,90% desses eram do sexo masculino. A maioria dos conjuntos de exercícios oferecidos no tratamento da OA tiveram resultado significativamente positivo em ambos os quesitos, mas principalmente para o alívio da dor (estatisticamente significativo p< 0, 003). Conclusão Inferimos que houve uma melhora da dor em todos os artigos que realizaram fortalecimento muscular, porém ainda há um óbice sobre os protocolos utilizados.

Análise de confiabilidade de medidas das pressões plantares estática e dinâmica de crianças e adolescentes com desenvolvimento normal / El análisis de la exactitud de las medidas de las presiones plantares estática y dinámica de niños y adolescentes con desarrollo normal / Reliability analysis of static and dynamic plantar pressure measurements of children and youths with normal development

RESUMO A pressão plantar é utilizada na avaliação clínica do pé e informa características da distribuição de carga plantar em atividades funcionais. Diversos instrumentos de avaliação podem ser utilizados e devem ter as propriedades psicométricas analisadas. A confiabilidade teste-reteste é uma medida de reprodutibilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a confiabilidade teste-reteste das medidas de pressão máxima na estática e dinâmica de crianças e adolescentes com desenvolvimento normal (DN). Onze crianças e adolescentes com DN, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 6 e 17 anos foram avaliados duas vezes, em uma plataforma sensível à pressão plantar em ortostatismo, com e sem calçado usual, com os pés posicionados de forma livre (passo interrompido) e com os pés alinhados. Dados dinâmicos foram obtidos pela caminhada sobre a plataforma com e sem calçado. Coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (CCI) foram analisados (α=0,05). Os CCI foram consistentes para: descarga de peso (DP) anterior calçado (CCI=0,83) e DP posterior descalço (CCI=0,95) e calçado (CCI=0,83) durante a análise estática com o passo interrompido. Também foram consistentes para a variável DP estática do membro inferior (MI) direito (CCI=0,86) e esquerdo (CCI=0,82) com passo interrompido descalço e, com os pés alinhados, utilizando calçados (CCI=0,82). Na análise do MI esquerdo, com o uso de calçado, a variável pressão máxima também gerou resultado satisfatório (CCI=0,85). As demais variáveis apresentaram variação de CCI entre 0,25 e 0,74, consideradas insatisfatórias. Conclui-se que os valores de CCI foram considerados excelentes para algumas condições estáticas e inconsistentes na avaliação dinâmica.

RESUMEN Se emplea la presión plantar para examinar clínicamente el pie ya que ofrece información sobre las características de distribución del peso plantar en actividades funcionales. Hay varios instrumentos de evaluación que pueden ser utilizados y que se deben de analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. La exactitud prueba-reprueba es una medida de reproducibilidad. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar la exactitud prueba-reprueba de las medidas de presión plantar máxima en la estática y dinámica de niños y adolescentes con desarrollo normal (DN). Se evaluaron dos veces a once niños y adolescentes con DN, de ambos géneros, entre 6 y 17 años de edad, utilizando una plataforma sensible a la presión plantar en ortostatismo, con y sin los zapatos habituales, con los pies posicionados de manera libre (marcha interrumpida) y con los pies alienados. Se recolectaron datos dinámicos por intermedio de caminata sobre la plataforma con y sin zapatos. Se evaluaron los coeficientes de correlación intraclase -CCI (α=0,05). Los CCI fueron consistentes para: descarga del peso (DP) anterior del zapato (CCI=0,83) y DP posterior sin zapato (CCI=0,95) y con zapato (CCI=0,83) durante el análisis estático con la marcha interrumpida. También fueron consistentes para la variable DP estática del miembro inferior (MI) derecho (CCI=0,86) e izquierdo (CCI=0,82) con la marcha interrumpida sin zapato y, con los pies alienados, con el uso de zapatos (CCI=0,82). En el análisis del MI izquierdo, con el uso de zapato, la variable de la presión máxima también presentó un buen resultado (CCI=0,85). La CCI osciló en las demás variables entre 0,25 y 0,74, consideradas insatisfactorias. Se concluye que los valores de CCI fueron excelentes para algunas condiciones estáticas e inconsistentes en la evaluación dinámica.

ABSTRACT Plantar pressure is used in clinical evaluation of the feet and informs about characteristics of the plantar load distribution during functional activity. Many evaluation instruments are used and its measurements properties must be tested. Test-retest reliability is a measure which informs about reproducibility. The objective of this study was to analyze test-retest reliability of maximum pressure measurements during static and dynamic in children and youths with normal development (ND). Eleven children and youths with ND of both sexes, with mean age between 6 and 17 years old, were evaluated twice in a weight bearing platform in orthostatic posture, barefooted and with their usual footwear, when the feet were positioned spontaneously (interrupted step) and the feet were aligned. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were analyzed (α=0.05). ICC were consistent for: anterior barefoot weight bearing (ICC=0.83) and posterior barefoot weight bearing (ICC=0.95) and with footwear (ICC=0.83), during the static analysis with interrupted step. They were also consistent for the variable static weight bearing of the right lower limb (ICC=0.86) and left lower limb (ICC=0.82) barefooted with interrupted step, and with footwear with the feet aligned (ICC=0.82). In the left lower limb analysis with footwear, the maximum pressure also showed a satisfactory result (ICC=0.85). Other variables showed ICC variation between 0.25 and 0.74, considered unsatisfactory. The conclusions are that test-retest ICC were considered excellent for some static conditions, and inconsistent in the dynamic evaluation.

Distribution of antibodies against influenza virus in pigs from farrow-to-finish farms in Minas Gerais state, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Swine influenza virus (SIV) is the cause of an acute respiratory disease that affects swine worldwide. In Brazil, SIV has been identified in pigs since 1978. After the emergence of pandemic H1N1 in 2009 (H1N1pdm09), few studies reported the presence of influenza virus in Brazilian herds. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the serological profile for influenza virus in farrow-to-finish pig farms in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. METHODS: Thirty farms with no SIV vaccination history were selected from the four larger pig production areas in Minas Gerais state (Zona da Mata, Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba, South/Southwest and the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area). At each farm, blood samples were randomly collected from 20 animals in each production cycle category: breeding animals (sows and gilts), farrowing crate (2-3 weeks), nursery (4-7 weeks), grower pigs (8-14 weeks), and finishing pigs (15-16 weeks), with 100 samples per farm and a total of 3000 animals in this study. The samples were tested for hemagglutination inhibition activity against H1N1 pandemic strain (A/swine/Brazil/11/2009) and H3N2 SIV (A/swine/Iowa/8548-2/98) reference strain. RESULTS: The percentages of seropositive animals for H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 were 26.23% and 1.57%, respectively, and the percentages of seropositive herds for both viruses were 96.6% and 13.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The serological profiles differed for both viruses and among the studied areas, suggesting a high variety of virus circulation around the state, as well as the presence of seronegative animals susceptible to influenza infection and, consequently, new respiratory disease outbreaks.

Detection of Leishmania (Viannia) IN Nyssomyia neivai and Nyssomyia whitmani by multiplex polymerase chain reaction, in Southern Brazil.

Sandflies transmit pathogens of leishmaniasis. The natural infection of sandflies by Leishmania (Viannia) was assessed in municipalities, in the state of Paraná, in Southern Brazil. Sandflies were collected with Falcão and Shannon traps. After dissection in search of flagellates in digestive tubes and identification of the species, female sandflies were submitted to the Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (multiplex PCR) for detection of the fragment of the kDNA of Leishmania (Viannia) and the fragment from the IVS6 cacophony gene region of the phlebotomine insects. The analysis was performed in pools containing seven to 12 guts from females of the same species. A total of 510 female sandflies were analyzed, including nine Migonemyia migonei, 17 Pintomyia fischeri, 216 Nyssomyia neivai, and 268 Nyssomyia whitmani. Although none of the females was found naturally infected by flagellates through dissection, the fragment of DNA from Leishmania (Viannia) was shown by multiplex PCR in one sample of Ny. neivai (0.46%) and three samples of Ny. whitmani (1.12%). It was concluded that Ny. neivai and Ny. whitmani are susceptible to Leishmania infection, and that multiplex PCR can be used in epidemiological studies to detect the natural infection of the sandfly vector, because of its sensitivity, specificity and feasibility.

DETECTION OF Leishmania (Viannia) IN Nyssomyia neivai AND Nyssomyia whitmani BY MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL / Detecção de Leishmania (Viannia) em Nyssomyia neivai e Nyssomyia whitmani por Multiplex Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase, no sul do Brasil

Sandflies transmit pathogens of leishmaniasis. The natural infection of sandflies by Leishmania (Viannia) was assessed in municipalities, in the state of Paraná, in Southern Brazil. Sandflies were collected with Falcão and Shannon traps. After dissection in search of flagellates in digestive tubes and identification of the species, female sandflies were submitted to the Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (multiplex PCR) for detection of the fragment of the kDNA of Leishmania (Viannia) and the fragment from the IVS6 cacophony gene region of the phlebotomine insects. The analysis was performed in pools containing seven to 12 guts from females of the same species. A total of 510 female sandflies were analyzed, including nine Migonemyia migonei, 17 Pintomyia fischeri, 216 Nyssomyia neivai, and 268 Nyssomyia whitmani. Although none of the females was found naturally infected by flagellates through dissection, the fragment of DNA from Leishmania (Viannia) was shown by multiplex PCR in one sample of Ny. neivai (0.46%) and three samples of Ny. whitmani (1.12%). It was concluded that Ny. neivai and Ny. whitmani are susceptible to Leishmania infection, and that multiplex PCR can be used in epidemiological studies to detect the natural infection of the sandfly vector, because of its sensitivity, specificity and feasibility.

Flebotomíneos transmitem os patógenos das leishmanioses. Foi avaliada a infecção natural de flebotomíneos por Leishmania (Viannia) em municípios do Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil. Os flebotomíneos foram coletados com armadilhas de Falcão e Shannon. Após dissecação para pesquisa de flagelados no tubo digestório e identificação das espécies, as fêmeas de flebotomíneos foram submetidas a Multiplex Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (multiplex PCR) para a detecção do fragmento do kDNA de Leishmania (Viannia) e do fragmento do gene IVS6 da cacofonia de flebotomíneos. A análise foi realizada em pools contendo sete a 12 tubos digestórios de fêmeas da mesma espécie. Um total de 510 fêmeas foram analisadas, incluindo nove Migonemyia migonei, 17 Pintomyia fischeri, 216 Nyssomyia neivai e 268 Nyssomyia whitmani. Embora nenhuma fêmea tenha sido encontrada naturalmente infectada com flagelados pela dissecação, o fragmento de DNA de Leishmania (Viannia) foi mostrado por multiplex PCR em uma amostra de Ny. neivai (0,46%) e três amostras de Ny. whitmani (1,12%). Conclui-se que Ny. neivai e Ny. whitmani são suscetíveis à infecção por Leishmania, e que multiplex PCR, devido à sua sensibilidade, especificidade e viabilidade, pode ser utilizada em estudos epidemiológicos para a detecção da infecção natural do inseto vetor.

Alcohol misuse among partners: a potential effect modifier in the relationship between physical intimate partner violence and postpartum depression.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated if the probability of postpartum depression (PPD) increases with an upward gradient of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy and whether substance use by any member of the couple modifies this relationship. METHODS: The sample comprised 811 randomly selected mothers of children under 5 months old attending primary health services of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) gauged physical IPV, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) assessed PPD. A hierarchical logistic regression model was employed to deal with confounding. Specific interaction terms between physical IPV and alcohol misuse or use of illicit drugs were also tested. RESULTS: Physical IPV during pregnancy was reported by 37.8% of respondents and 24.3% were presumably depressed (EPDS score ≥ 12). Interaction between physical IPV and partners' alcohol misuse was statistically significant (p = 0.026). Although there was a significant increase in PPD with just one act of physical IPV in the absence of a partners' alcohol misuse, mounting acts did not have any further influence. Conversely, when partners misused alcohol, the probability progressively and steeply increased from two acts onwards, reaching almost sevenfold by six cumulative physical IPV events as opposed to none. CONCLUSIONS: The results reinforce the relevance of physical IPV as a risk factor to PPD. They also suggest that context matters, partners' alcohol misuse acting as an important effect modifier. These evidences justify tailored preventive, screening and intervention procedures for IPV and alcohol misuse during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Postpartum depression according to time frames and sub-groups: a survey in primary health care settings in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) according to postpartum periods and sub-groups in public primary health care settings in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in five primary health care units and included 811 participants randomly selected among mothers of children up to five postpartum months. Women were classified as depressed and given scores on Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) above 11. The overall estimate of PPD was 24.3% (95% CI, 21.4-27.4). However, estimates were not homogeneous during the first 5 months postpartum (p value = 0.002). There was a peak of depressive symptoms around 3 months postpartum, when 128 women (37.5%, 95% CI, 29.1-46.5) disclosed scores above 11 on EPDS. Regarding the magnitude of PPD according to some maternal and partners' characteristics, it was consistently higher among women with low schooling, without a steady partner, and whose partners misused alcohol or used illicit drugs. The prevalence of PPD among women attending primary health care units in Rio de Janeiro seems to be higher than general estimates of 10-15%, especially among mothers with low schooling and that receive little (if any) support from partners. Also, the "burden" of PPD may be even higher around 3 months postpartum. These results are particularly relevant for public health policies. Evaluation of maternal mental health should be extended at least until 3 to 4 months postpartum, and mothers presenting a high-risk profile deserve special attention.

Os Jogos Pedagógicos na Aprendizagem da Linguagem Escrita: O que Pensam e Fazem Professores da Educação Infantil e do Ensino Fundamental?

Esse trabalho se propôs a investigar a concepção e uso de jogos pedagógicos no ensino da linguagem escrita por professores de educação infantil e ensino fundamental na cidade de Fortaleza. Partiu-se do pressuposto que havia uma descontinuidade do uso de recursos lúdicos entre a educação infantil e a primeira série do ensino fundamental. Tinha-se como pressuposto a compreensão de que não era o jogo em si, mas a situação interativa e simbólica que possibilita o desenvolvimento e a aprendizagem da criança. Os referenciais teóricos que embasaram esse trabalho estavam pautados na teoria histórico cultural de Vygotsky e na teoria sócio antropológica de Brougére. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando-se observação em sala de aula e entrevistas individuais com os professores, buscando registrar as situações de mediação do professor junto aos alunos e identificar as concepções que fundamentam as formas de intervenção pedagógica utilizando recursos lúdicos nesses dois níveis de ensino e as práticas pedagógicas. Na escola pesquisada existia uma preocupação efetiva quanto ao processo continuado de capacitação dos professores e isso possibilitava uma coerência na utilização de recursos didáticos, dentre eles o jogo, e compreensão teórica de sua implicação no processo ensino-aprendizagem. Esse trabalho vem destacar a importância de se considerar o desafio de ensinar com jogos diante de diversos discursos acerca de seu uso apontando que são as situações de interação que promovem a aprendizagem e não o uso de material lúdico, reafirmando a visão vygotskiana da centralidade da mediação pedagógica no processo ensino e aprendizagem(AU)

Resultados econômicos de sistemas de produção de leite com diferentes níveis tecnológicos na região de Lavras MG nos anos 2004 e 2005 / Economical results of milk production systems with different technological levels in the area of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil in the years 2004 and 2005

Estudou-se a rentabilidade da atividade leiteira na região de Lavras/MG, analisando a influência do nível tecnológico sobre o custo de produção do leite. Foram identificados os componentes com maior influência sobre os custos finais da atividade e calculado o ponto de equilíbrio. Os dados, provenientes de 17 sistemas de produção, representando os níveis tecnológicos baixo, médio e alto, foram coletados mensalmente, entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2005. Considerou-se a margem bruta, a margem líquida e o resultado (lucro ou prejuízo) como indicadores de eficiência econômica. O nível tecnológico influenciou os itens componentes do custo operacional efetivo da atividade leiteira, bem como o custo total de produção do leite - a lucratividade e rentabilidade. Os sistemas de produção com nível tecnológico médio apresentaram o menor custo total unitário. A margem líquida positiva nos três níveis tecnológicos indica que os pecuaristas conseguem produzir a médio prazo; e por apresentar resultado negativo, os pecuaristas que adotaram médio nível tecnológico, a longo prazo, estão se descapitalizando.

The profitability of dairy farming was studied in the region of Lavras, MG by analyzing the influence of technological level on the milk production cost. The components with major influence on the final activity cost were identified, and the break-even was calculated. Monthly data from 17 production systems representing the low, medium and high technological levels were taken from January 2004 to December 2005. Gross margin and net margin (profit or loss) were considered as indicators of economical efficiency. The technological level had impact on the effective operational cost of dairy farming as well as on the total costs of milk production - rentability and profitability. Production systems with medium technological level had the lowest total unitary cost. Positive net margin in the three technological levels shows that the farmers can produce at medium term. Due to the negative results, the farmers who used the medium technological level are losing money at long term.

Anatomy of branches linguais of nerve hipoglosso in sus-scrofa domesticates, L., 1758 - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v31i1.772 / Anatomia dos ramos linguais do nervo hipoglosso em Sus scrofa domesticus, L., 1758 - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v31i1.772

We studied the ramifications and distribution of the hypoglossal nerve after it penetrated the root of the tongue (36 antimeres) of adult swines (Sus scrofa domestica, L. 1758) from both sexes slaughtered in frigorific (metropolitan region of Goiânia, Goiás - Brazil). The material was chilled for transportation (4C); placed in aqueous solution of formaldehyde (7%) for 72 hours; submerged in aqueous solution of nitric acid (15%) for 72 hours; dissected under magnifying glass (RASOR, II-20). The trunk and the primary, secondary and tertiary nervous branches were observed in the antimeres (method of Bittencourt et al., 1987). We followed the topography of the nerve starting from the posterior mandibular region between the myofascial structures of the mylohyoid and hypoglossal. On the root of the tongue the nerve crosses the lingual artery, becoming medial in relationship to the latter. It subdivides into three orders of dimension towards the superior longitudinal muscle as follows: left antimere, 4 to 13 primary branches, 4 to 21 secondary branches and 0 to 16 tertiary branches; on the right antimere, 8 to 18 primary branches, 3 to 13 secondary branches and 0 to 12 tertiary branches. In 27.59% of the analyzed antimeres, the branches of the hypoglossal nerve established joints with fibers from the lingual nerve of the correspondent antimere.

Estudamos as ramificações e distribuição do nervo hipoglosso após este penetrar na raiz da língua (36 antímeros) de suínos (Sus scrofa domesticus, L. 1758) adultos de ambos os sexos abatidos em frigorífico (região metropolitana de Goiânia, Estado de Goiás - Brasil). O material foi resfriado para transporte (4ºC), fixado em solução aquosa de formaldeído (7%) por 72h, imerso em solução aquosa de ácido nítrico (15%) por 72h, dissecado sob lupa (RASOR, II-20). Nos antímeros, observou-se o tronco e ramos nervosos primários, secundários e terciários (método de BITTENCOURT et al., 1987). Seguimos a topográfica do nervo, a partir da região retro mandibular, entre as estruturas miofaciais do milohioideo e hipoglosso. Na raiz da língua, o nervo cruza a artéria lingual, passando a ser medial em relação a esta. Subdivide-se em três ordens de grandeza em direção ao músculo longitudinal superior, como segue: antímero esquerdo, quatro a 13 ramos primários, quatro a 21 ramos secundários e zero a 16 ramos terciários; no antímero direito, oito a 18 ramos primários, três a 13 ramos secundários e zero a 12 ramos terciários. Em 27,59% dos antímeros analisados, os ramos do nervo hipoglosso estabeleceram junções com fibras do nervo lingual do antímero correspondente.

Anatomia dos ramos do nervo lingual em suíno / Anatomy of branches of nerve lingual in pigs

Neste trabalho, foram estudadas as ramificações e a distribuição do nervo lingual em 18 línguas de suínos adultos de ambos os sexos, sem especificação de raça. O material, colhido a fresco em rotina de abate, foi resfriado (4°C) para transporte, fixado em solução aquosa de formaldeído (7 por cento, 72 horas), imerso em solução aquosa de ácido nítrico (15 por cento, 72 horas), e dissecado sob lupa (RANSOR - II-20). Cada antímero dissecado possibilitou o registro dos ramos nervosos linguais primários, secundários e terciários presentes no interior das estruturas miofasciais do órgão, exibindo diferentes arranjos: o antímero esquerdo apresentou quatro a 10 ramos primários, quatro a 12 ramos secundários e zero a 11 ramos terciários. Já o antímero direito apresentou três a 8 ramos primários, zero a 11 ramos secundários e zero a 10 ramos terciários. Em 27,6 por cento das análises, os ramos linguais estabelecem associações com as fibras do nervo hipoglosso no antímero correspondente.

The distribution and ramifications of the lingual nerve of 18 tongues of adult pigs from both genders with no strain specification were studied. The material freshly collected in slaughter routine was cooled (4°C) for transportation, fixed in formaldehyde aqueous solution (7 percent, 72h), immerse in nitric acid aqueous solution (15 percent, 72h) and dissected with magnifying glass (RASOR, II-20). Each dissected antimere enabled the recording of primary, secondary and tertiary lingual nervous branches present inside the myofascial structure of the organ, exhibiting different arrangements: left antimere: 4 to 10 primary branches, 4 to 12 secondary antimeres and 0 to 11 tertiary branches; right antimere: 3 to 8 primary branches, 0 to 11 secondary antimeres and 0 to 10 tertiary branches. In 27.6 percent of analyses, the lingual branches established associations with the fibers of the hypoglossal nerve in the corresponding antimere.

Luz e galinhas como fatores de atração de Nyssomyia whitmani em ambiente rural, Paraná, Brasil / Light and hens as attraction factors of Nyssomyia whitmani in a rural area, Southern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência de armadilhas com luz elétrica e galinhas como fatores de atração de flebotomíneos e comparar os resultados entre métodos de captura. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Palmital, município de Terra Boa, Paraná, Brasil. As coletas de flebotomíneos foram feitas com armadilhas de Falcão e aspirador elétrico, quinzenalmente, das 20 às 23 horas, na presença ou na ausência de luz e de galinhas, no ambiente peridomiciliar, de setembro de 1998 a junho de 1999. RESULTADOS: Coletaram-se 43.767 exemplares de oito espécies de flebotomíneos; Nyssomyia whitmani, N. neivai e Migonemyia migonei representando 99,9 por cento do total coletado, com predomínio de N. whitmani. O número de exemplares coletados na presença (21.045) foi maior do que na ausência de galinhas (10.434). Na presença de galinhas, indiferentemente das intensidades de luz, coletou-se maior número de exemplares de N. whitmani com luz de 3W. Na presença de galinhas e luz (3W) o número de N. whitmani coletado com aspirador elétrico (5.141) foi superior ao coletado com armadilha de Falcão (1.675). Na ausência de luz não houve diferença entre o número de N. whitmani coletado com o aspirador elétrico e na armadilha de Falcão, na presença ou na ausência de galinhas. CONCLUSÕES: As galinhas e a luz elétrica juntas atraem mais N. whitmani para o ambiente peridomiciliar. O número de N. whitmani coletado com o aspirador elétrico na presença de galinhas e luz no galinheiro foi maior do que o coletado na armadilha de Falcão, na mesma condição.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the influence of traps with electric light and hens as factors that attract sandflies and compare results between capture methods. METHODS: The study was conducted in the Palmital Farm, Southern Brazil. Sandfly collections were conducted with Falcão traps and an electric aspirator, fortnightly, between 8 p.m. and 11 p.m. in the presence or absence of light and hens in peridomiciliary areas, from September 1998 to June 1999. RESULTS: A total of 43,767 specimens from eight species of sandflies were collected: Nyssomyia whitmani, N. neivai and Migonemyia migonei constituting 99.9 percent of the total collected, with predominance of N. whitmani. The number of this species collected inside the hen's shed in the presence of hens (21,045) was greater than in their absence (10,434). In the presence of hens, with distinct intensities of light, a larger number of N. whitmani samples were collected with 3W light. In the presence of hens and light (3W), the number of N. whitmani collected with the electric aspirator (5,141) was superior to that collected with the Falcão trap (1,675). In the absence of light, with or without the presence hens, there was no difference between the numbers of N. whitmani collected with the electric aspirator or the Falcão trap. CONCLUSIONS: Hens and electric light together attract more N. whitmani to peridomicilary areas. The number of N. whitmani collected with an electric aspirator inside a hen's shed with the presence of hens and light is greater than those collected with a Falcão trap in the same conditions.

[Light and hens as attraction factors of Nyssomyia whitmani in a rural area, Southern Brazil]. / Luz e galinhas como fatores de atração de Nyssomyia whitmani em ambiente rural, Paraná, Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the influence of traps with electric light and hens as factors that attract sandflies and compare results between capture methods. METHODS: The study was conducted in the Palmital Farm, Southern Brazil. Sandfly collections were conducted with Falcão traps and an electric aspirator, fortnightly, between 8 p.m. and 11 p.m. in the presence or absence of light and hens in peridomiciliary areas, from September 1998 to June 1999. RESULTS: A total of 43,767 specimens from eight species of sandflies were collected: Nyssomyia whitmani, N. neivai and Migonemyia migonei constituting 99.9% of the total collected, with predominance of N. whitmani. The number of this species collected inside the hen's shed in the presence of hens (21,045) was greater than in their absence (10,434). In the presence of hens, with distinct intensities of light, a larger number of N. whitmani samples were collected with 3W light. In the presence of hens and light (3W), the number of N. whitmani collected with the electric aspirator (5,141) was superior to that collected with the Falcão trap (1,675). In the absence of light, with or without the presence hens, there was no difference between the numbers of N. whitmani collected with the electric aspirator or the Falcão trap. CONCLUSIONS: Hens and electric light together attract more N. whitmani to peridomicilary areas. The number of N. whitmani collected with an electric aspirator inside a hen's shed with the presence of hens and light is greater than those collected with a Falcão trap in the same conditions.

[Co-occurrence of physical violence against partners and their children in health services]. / Co-ocorrência de violência física conjugal e contra filhos em serviços de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To profile the co-occurrence of physical violence against partners and their children in a population attending a health care service, according to different socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on family violence and pre-term delivery was carried out in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2000. Households of women living with a partner and at least one child (or stepchild) aged less than 18 years were eligible to the study (n=205). Socioeconomic, demographic, and life style variables for the family couple were considered as potential predictors of violence. The outcome variable was assessed at four levels: no physical violence in the household; physical violence against partners, physical violence against at least one child or co-occurrence of both. A multinomial logit model was used for projecting the respective prevalences according to a range of selected descriptors. RESULTS: The risk factors associated to greater risk of the outcome were: maternal age >25; partner with less than eight years of schooling; presence of >2 children under the age of five in the household; and alcohol/illicit drug abuse by the partner. In households with all those characteristics, the joint projected prevalence of violence against partners and their children was 90.2%, and as much as 60.6% accounted for the co-occurrence of both. In the absence of those factors, estimates were significantly lower (18.9% and 0.2%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Health providers should not only anticipate a situational gradient, but also be aware there is an increasingly higher risk of violence comprising the whole family group.

Índices de gravidade em unidade de terapia intensiva adulto: avaliação clínica e trabalho da enfermagem / Severity indexes in an adult intensive care unit: clinical evaluation and nursing work

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) são locais de atendimento de pacientes graves ou de risco, que dispõem de assistência ininterrupta. Proporcionar qualidade de atendimento aos pacientes da UTI é um desafio profissional para quem gerencia a área de recursos humanos. Além disso, é importante conhecer o risco do paciente de UTI e garantir a melhor utilização dos recursos. Os índices de gravidade visam caracterizar os pacientes de UTI utilizando algumas variáveis (enfermidade, terapêutica, carga de trabalho de enfermagem). O objetivo deste estudo foi elencar os índices de gravidade utilizados na tratamento intensivo e classificá-los de acordo com a sua finalidade. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico (MedLine), utilizando as palavras-chave: "Scoring systems and ICU". Os artigos selecionados foram adquiridos no acervo da biblioteca da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e no acervo da biblioteca da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), no período de março a maio de 2005. Livros e teses que contemplam o tema também foram utilizados. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados sete Índices de Avaliação da Carga de Trabalho da Equipe de Enfermagem TISS ,TISS-28, TOSS, NEMS, NAS, NCR11, Omega. Foram identificados 21 Índices de Avaliação do Estado Clínico dos Pacientes Killip Glasgow CRI APACHE II e III, Ranson, SS, SSS, SAPS, MLR, MPM, LIS, ARPI, SAPS (II), MPM II, ODIN, Ontário, MODS, SOFA, LOD, PSI). CONCLUSÕES: Embora os índices de avaliação da carga de trabalho de enfermagem observados sejam os de menor número, eles são de fundamental importância para a adequada caracterização da complexidade dos pacientes, e constituem uma informação fundamental para a previsão e a provisão de recursos materiais e humanos para essa unidade.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: ICU is the hospital sectors that have interrupt assistance. Assistance with quality is a challenge for those who run human resources. It is also important to know the risk of the patient to the better use of resources. The aim of this study is to identify most used severity indexes in intensive care and classify them according with their finality METHODS: Library research (medline), using the key words: "Scoring systems and ICU". The articles were selected in the period from March to May 2005. Books and thesis were also used. RESULTS: We identify seven indexes evaluating nursing workload: TISS, TISS-28, TOSS, NEMS, NAS, NCR11, and Omega. We identify 21 indexes evaluating clinical status: Killip Glasgow CRI APACHE II e III, Ransom, SS, SSS, SAPS, MLR, MPM, LIS, ARPI, SAPS (II), MPM II, ODIN, Ontario, MODS, SOFA, LOD, and PSI). CONCLUSIONS: Although indexes evaluating nursing workload are in a lower number, they are also fundamental to preview the need for material and human resources.

Co-ocorrência de violência física conjugal e contra filhos em serviços de saúde / Co-occurrence of physical violence against partners and their children in health services

OBJETIVO: Apresentar um perfil de ocorrência e co-ocorrência de violência física conjugal e contra filhos em uma população atendida em serviço de saúde, segundo diferentes características socioeconômicas e demográficas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal sobre violência familiar e prematuridade, realizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em 2000. Foram elegíveis para a análise os domicílios contendo mulheres vivendo com companheiro e nos quais coabitavam com pelo menos um filho (ou enteado) de até 18 anos (n=205). Condições socioeconômicas, demográficas e relativas aos hábitos de vida da mulher e do companheiro foram consideradas como potenciais preditores de violência. A variável de desfecho foi analisada em quatro níveis: ausência de violência física no domicílio; ocorrência de violência física no casal; contra pelo menos um filho; e coocorrência. Utilizou-se um modelo logito-multinomial para as projeções de prevalências desses matizes de violência segundo os descritores selecionados. RESULTADOS: Os fatores associados ao maior risco do desfecho foram: idade materna >25 anos; companheiro com primeiro grau incompleto, presença de >2 crianças menores de cinco anos no domicílio; e abuso de álcool e drogas ilícitas pelo companheiro. Em domicílios com todas essas características, a estimativa conjunta de prevalência projetada de violência no casal e contra filhos chegou a 90,2 por cento, sendo de 60,6 por cento a de coocorrência. Na ausência desses fatores, as estimativas foram consideravelmente menores (18,9 por cento e 0,2 por cento, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: Profissionais de saúde não devem somente atentar à presença de um gradiente situacional, mas também ao fato de que existe paulatinamente mais chance dos agravos violentos acontecerem como um fenômeno englobando todo o grupo familiar.

OBJECTIVE: To profile the co-occurrence of physical violence against partners and their children in a population attending a health care service, according to different socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on family violence and pre-term delivery was carried out in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2000. Households of women living with a partner and at least one child (or stepchild) aged less than 18 years were eligible to the study (n=205). Socioeconomic, demographic, and life style variables for the family couple were considered as potential predictors of violence. The outcome variable was assessed at four levels: no physical violence in the household; physical violence against partners, physical violence against at least one child or co-occurrence of both. A multinomial logit model was used for projecting the respective prevalences according to a range of selected descriptors. RESULTS: The risk factors associated to greater risk of the outcome were: maternal age >25; partner with less than eight years of schooling; presence of >2 children under the age of five in the household; and alcohol/illicit drug abuse by the partner. In households with all those characteristics, the joint projected prevalence of violence against partners and their children was 90.2 percent, and as much as 60.6 percent accounted for the co-occurrence of both. In the absence of those factors, estimates were significantly lower (18.9 percent and 0.2 percent, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Health providers should not only anticipate a situational gradient, but also be aware there is an increasingly higher risk of violence comprising the whole family group.

[Severity indexes in an adult intensive care unit: clinical evaluation and nursing work]. / Índices de gravidade em unidade de terapia intensiva adulto: avaliação clínica e trabalho da enfermagem.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: ICU is the hospital sectors that have interrupt assistance. Assistance with quality is a challenge for those who run human resources. It is also important to know the risk of the patient to the better use of resources. The aim of this study is to identify most used severity indexes in intensive care and classify them according with their finality METHODS: Library research (medline), using the key words: "Scoring systems and ICU". The articles were selected in the period from March to May 2005. Books and thesis were also used. RESULTS: We identify seven indexes evaluating nursing workload: TISS, TISS-28, TOSS, NEMS, NAS, NCR11, and Omega. We identify 21 indexes evaluating clinical status: Killip Glasgow CRI APACHE II e III, Ransom, SS, SSS, SAPS, MLR, MPM, LIS, ARPI, SAPS (II), MPM II, ODIN, Ontario, MODS, SOFA, LOD, and PSI). CONCLUSIONS: Although indexes evaluating nursing workload are in a lower number, they are also fundamental to preview the need for material and human resources.